Opposition to Segregation (prior to 1948)

• ANC (African National Congress): Black organisations formed as a response to no voting rights after 1902’s peace treaty;1912 - SANNC and 1923 - ANC
• ANC (African National Congress): In the 1920s/30s it was too focused on maintaining good relationships with whites - the 1940s had new leadership, more efficient with more mainstream resistance
• Trade Unions: The first successful black trade union was the ICU (Industrial and Commercial Union), led by Clements Kadaline, it began to welcome Africans of all industries - even some from rural areas
• Trade Unions: In 1919 they went on strike for higher wages - it worked and so did the one that happened 6 months later; Kadaline was arrested and ICU branches closed down - due to quarrels between rival leaders the ICU collapsed by 1930
• Anti-pass Demonstrations: Restricted black male Africans' freedoms; in 1973 the government tried to introduce a similar system for women, but the amount of resistance and demonstrations of anger left them embarrassed so they dropped it (when men also tried this it was unsuccessful and the government refused to change)
• Indian Resistance: Gandhi's disobediences flooded courts with mass arrests and brought the work of the oppressive government to a temporary halt; despite the international outcry to Gandhi's arrest, the government didn’t give in
• Indian Resistance: Led by Gandhi, supported middle-class Indians against racist laws - peaceful/soulful disobediences of law
• Black Segregationist groups: Wanted as little to do with whites as possible; in 1902 a ton of new black churches popped up (not subject to white control) - these churches were beloved and very important to these black Africans
• Communists: They then tried to make an alliance with the ANC which failed then they lost a considerable amount of popularity and soon enough there were barely any left
• Communists: Initially aligned themselves with white trade unions - they had a strike against bringing black Africans in just to keep wages down - the government crushed their strikes