Health Belief and Practices

• MAN AND HIS BASIC NEEDS

  • Individuality
  • Holism
  • Homeostasis
  • Feedback
• Individuality


  A unique being who is different from every other human being
• Individuality


  • Total Character: behaviors, emotional state, attitudes, values, motives, abilities, habits, and appearances
  • Self-Identity: perception of self as a separate and distinct entity alone and in interactions with others
  • Perceptions: the way the person interprets the environment or situation, directly affecting how he or she thinks, feels, and acts in any given situation
• Holism


  All living organisms are seen as interacting, unified wholes that are more than the sums of their parts
• Homeostasis


  • Canon (1939): the relative constancy of the internal processes of the body
  • The tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium while continually changing
  • A mechanism in which deviations from normal are sensed and counteracted
• Homeostasis - Physiological


  • The internal environment of the body is relatively stable and constant
  • Closed System: does not exchange energy, matter, or information with its environment
  • Open System: energy, matter, and information move into and out of the system through the system’s boundary, are in a constant state of change
• Homeostasis - Psychological


  • Emotional or psychological balance or state of mental well-being
• PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS MECHANISMS


  1. Self-regulating: play automatically in the healthy person

  2. Compensatory: tend to counteract conditions that are abnormal for the person

  3. Tend to be regulated by negative feedback systems

  4. May require several feedback mechanisms to correct only one physiological imbalance
• PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS MECHANISMS

  1. A stable physical environment in which the person feels safe and secure

  2. A stable psychological environment from infancy onward, so that feelings of trust and love develop

  3. A social environment that includes adults who are healthy role models

  4. A life experience that provides satisfaction
• PHYSIOLOGICAL OPEN SYSTEM

  1. Input: Consist of information, material, or energy that enters a system

  2. Throughput: A transformation that occurs after input is absorbed by the system and is then processed in a way that is useful to the system

  3. Output: energy, matter, or information from a system given out by the system as a result of its processes
• Feedback


  • The mechanism by which some of the output of a system is returned to the system as input
  • Enables a system to regulate itself by redirecting the output back into the system – forming a feedback loop
  • Can be: Negative feedback - Inhibits change, Positive feedback - Stimulates change
• DEFINITION OF HEALTH

  • Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)
  • According to Nightingale: a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent
  • According to Parsons: ability to maintain normal roles
  • According to ANA: an experience that is often expressed in t
• WHO: 'Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (1948)'
• Nightingale: 'A state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent'
• Parsons: 'Ability to maintain normal roles'
• ANA: 'An experience that is often expressed in terms of wellness and illness, and may occur in the presence or absence of disease or injury'
• Wellness


  A state of well-being
• Physical wellness


  1. Ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness

  2. Maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat

  3. Avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products

  4. Practice positive lifestyle habits
• Emotional wellness


  1. Ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately

  2. Ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one’s limitations
• Social wellness


  1. Ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment

  2. Develop and maintain intimacy with significant others

  3. Develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs
• Environmental wellness


  1. Ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community

  2. Includes influences such as food, water, and air
• Occupational wellness


  1. Ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time

  2. Beliefs about education, employment, and home influence personal satisfaction and relationships with others
• Intellectual wellness


  1. Ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development

  2. Striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively
• Spiritual wellness


  1. Belief in some force that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life

  2. Includes a person’s own morals, values, and ethics
• Well-being


  • A subjective perception of vitality and feeling well
  • Can be described objectively, experienced, and measured
  • Can be plotted on a continuum (Hood, 2009)
  • A component of health
• Clinical health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury
• Role Performance health is the individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles - to perform his or her work
• • Adaptive health is a creative process
  • Disease is a failure in adaptation, or maladaptation
  • Aim of treatment is to restore the ability of the person to adapt – to cope
• • Eudaimonistic health is a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential
  • Illness is a condition that prevents self-actualization
• • Agent-Host-Environment is an Ecologic model used primarily in predicting illness
  • Agent: any environmental factor or stressor that by its presence or absence can lead to illness or disease
  • Host: person(s) who may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease
  • Environment: all factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease
• • Health-Illness Continua is used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness
  • Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum
• Environment


  All factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease
• Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum
• Variables influencing health status, beliefs & practices

  • Health Status
  • Health Beliefs
  • Health Practices
• Internal Variables (Nonmodifiable)


  • Biologic Dimension: genetic makeup, sex, age, developmental level
  • Psychological (emotional) Dimension: mind-body interactions, self-concept
  • Cognitive / Intellectual Dimension: lifestyle, spiritual and religious beliefs
• External Variables

  • Environment
  • Standards of Living
  • Family and Cultural Beliefs
  • Social Support Networks
• Common Filipino Cultural Beliefs

  • Namamana (Inheritance)
  • Lihi (Conception or maternal cravings)
  • Pasma (Hot and Cold Syndrome)
  • Sumpa (Curse)
  • Gaba (Curse)
  • Namaligno (Mystical and supernatural causes)
  • Kaloob ng Diyos (God’s Will)
• Stages of Health Behavior Change

  • Precontemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preparation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
  • Termination
  • Relapse Recycle
• Adherence


  The extent to which an individual’s behavior coincides with medical or health advice
• Factors Influencing Adherence


  • Client motivation to become well
  • Degree of lifestyle change necessary
  • Perceived severity of the health care problem
  • Value placed on reducing the threat of illness
  • Ability to understand and perform specific behaviors
  • Degree of inconvenience of the illness itself or of the regimens
  • Beliefs that the prescribed therapy or regimen will or will not help
  • Complexity, side effects, and duration of the proposed therapy
  • Cultural heritage, beliefs, or practices that support or conflict with the regimen
  • Degree of satisfaction and quality and type of relationship with the health care providers
  • Overall cost of therapy