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System Ad
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Software
A series of related instructions that tells the computer what task(s) to do and how to perform them
Categories of software
System
software
Application
software
System software
Consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices
Types of system software
Operating system
Utility program
Operating system
A set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices
Utility program
Allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs
Application software
Consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks
Factors to consider before installing software
Necessity
Requirements
Support
A
package manager
is a program used to install, update, upgrade, or remove software
Commonly used package managers in Linux
rpm (Red Hat Package Manager)
yum (Yellowdog Updater Modifier)
apt (Advanced Packaging Tool)
Syntax for installing an rpm file
rpm [option] file(s)
RPM Installation and Upgrade Options
--excludedocs
--force
--ignoresize
--ignorearch
--includedocs
--nosignature
--nodeps
Package dependencies
Software libraries required to complete the installation of a given piece of software
Parts of the yum instruction
1.
Command
: install, update, remove, list
2.
Package Name
: a software title
3.
Options
Sample usages of yum
yum install emacs
yum update httpd
yum list *gnome*
yum list gimp[0-9]
Additional yum Commands
check-update
clean
downgrade
groupinstall
,
grouplist
,
groupremove
,
groupupdate
info
Software Maintenance for rpm
Commands used in upgrading: -U (
upgrade
), -F (
freshen
)
Options for rpm -U and -F commands
--replacepkgs
: Forces the installation of the package during the upgrade even if that particular package already exists
--replacefiles
: Forces the installation of files that already exist
--oldpackage
: Downgrades from the currently installed package to a previous one
--force
: Performs all the above options
Software Maintenance for yum
Options used in updating:
check-update
,
downgrade
,
groupupdate
,
reinstall
,
update
,
update-to
,
upgrade
,
upgrade-to
apt package manager
in Debian Linux
The primary program for software installation is called
apt-get
apt-get syntax
apt-get
[
options
]
command
package
(
s
)
Possible apt-get commands
install
remove
update
upgrade
dist-upgrade
Additional apt Programs
apt-cache
: Used to query the APT package cache
apt-file
: Used to examine a package to identify the specific files that are included
apt-secure
: Used to ensure the integrity and authenticity of a package through digital signature checking
In rpm, the command used to remove a package is
-e
or
--erase
In yum, the syntax used in removing a package is:
yum remove packagename
An
operating system (OS)
is the sum of all programs required to operate a computer and control and monitor application programs
UNIX
was originally written in the programming language
C
and is mainly used for scientific-technical applications on mainframes and workstations
Linux
is a family of UNIX-like open-source operating systems developed by
Linus Torvalds
The
Linux Kernel
is the main component of a Linux OS
A
Linux distribution
(
distro
) is a collection of software on top of a Linux kernel
A
distro
aims to provide a common look and feel, secure and easy software management, and often a specific operational purpose
Shells
are interfaces to the operating system, providing necessary instructions and operations
Forms of shells
GUI
(
Graphical
User
Interface
)
CLI
(
Command
Line
Interface
)
New users will pick up a
GUI
much faster than a CLI
CLI
users have more control over the file system and operating system, and tasks become simple through scripting
GUI
users can do only simple and limited tasks not flexible enough for controlling the system
Linux Desktop Environments
GNOME
KDE
Xfce
GNOME
was once the most popular Linux desktop environment and was used by default on Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, and most other big Linux distributions
KDE
has always been more complex than GNOME, packing in many more configuration options and features
Xfce
is a more lightweight desktop environment, very similar to GNOME
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