bio paper1🩷

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Cards (248)

  • Cellular respiration

    An exothermic reaction which transfers energy from glucose and is continuously occurring in living cells
  • Cellular respiration

    Breaking apart glucose molecules to release the energy that's trapped inside
  • Energy isn't being made, it's just being transferred from the glucose molecules
  • Examples of how organisms use their energy
    • Building up larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g. combining amino acids to form proteins)
    • Muscular contraction for movement
    • Maintaining body temperature
  • Most of these reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
  • Metabolism

    The combination of all the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
  • Types of respiration

    • Aerobic respiration
    • Anaerobic respiration
  • Aerobic respiration

    • The more common type, takes place whenever there's enough oxygen, occurs continuously in both plants and animals, takes place within mitochondria
  • Aerobic respiration

    Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
  • The equation for aerobic respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis
  • Anaerobic respiration

    • Respiration without oxygen, occurs when there's not enough oxygen to sustain the more efficient aerobic respiration, results in incomplete breakdown of glucose and lactic acid buildup
  • Anaerobic respiration

    Glucose → Lactic acid
  • Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast is different, converting glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid
  • Fermentation

    The process of anaerobic respiration in yeast, used in industry to make bread, beer, and wine
  • the rectum stores faeces until it can be eliminated through defaecation
  • the large intestine absorbs water, electrolytes and vitamins K
  • the function of the small intestine is to absorb nutrients from food
  • Nucleus

    Contains DNA to control the cell
  • Cell membrane

    Controls entry and exit of substances
  • Cell wall

    Provides structure and support
  • Mitochondria

    Carry out respiration to release energy
  • Ribosomes

    Protein synthesis
  • Chloroplasts

    Carry out photosynthesis
  • Vacuole

    Contains cell sap
  • Prokaryote

    A cell that does not have a nucleus
  • Eukaryote

    A cell that has DNA in a nucleus
  • Cell structures in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes

    • Nucleus
    • Mitochondria
    • Chloroplasts
  • Plasmid

    A small loop of DNA in bacteria
  • Plant cell wall

    Made from cellulose
  • DNA storage in bacterial cell

    As a single, free-floating loop; also on plasmids
  • Differentiation

    The process by which cells become specialised
  • Magnification

    Magnification = Image Size ÷ Actual Size
  • A photograph of a cell is 15mm long. It has a magnification of 1100x. The actual size is 0.0136mm, or 13.6µm
  • A cell is 12µm wide. It is magnified by 450 times. The image size is 5400µm, or 5.4mm
  • If the image of a virus is 1.2mm, and its actual size is 0.2µm, the magnification is 6000 times
  • 38500µm is 38.5mm
  • There are 1000 µm in 1mm
  • 17400m in standard form is 1.74 x 10^4 m
  • 0.0034 in standard form is 3.4 x 10^-3
  • Sperm cell adaptation

    It has a tail to swim to the egg