bio paper1🩷

• Cellular respiration


  An exothermic reaction which transfers energy from glucose and is continuously occurring in living cells
• Cellular respiration


  Breaking apart glucose molecules to release the energy that's trapped inside
• Energy isn't being made, it's just being transferred from the glucose molecules
• Examples of how organisms use their energy

  • Building up larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g. combining amino acids to form proteins)
  • Muscular contraction for movement
  • Maintaining body temperature
• Most of these reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
• Metabolism


  The combination of all the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
• Types of respiration


  • Aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration


  • The more common type, takes place whenever there's enough oxygen, occurs continuously in both plants and animals, takes place within mitochondria
• Aerobic respiration


  Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
• The equation for aerobic respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis
• Anaerobic respiration


  • Respiration without oxygen, occurs when there's not enough oxygen to sustain the more efficient aerobic respiration, results in incomplete breakdown of glucose and lactic acid buildup
• Anaerobic respiration


  Glucose → Lactic acid
• Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast is different, converting glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid
• Fermentation


  The process of anaerobic respiration in yeast, used in industry to make bread, beer, and wine
• the rectum stores faeces until it can be eliminated through defaecation
• the large intestine absorbs water, electrolytes and vitamins K
• the function of the small intestine is to absorb nutrients from food
• Nucleus


  Contains DNA to control the cell
• Cell membrane


  Controls entry and exit of substances
• Cell wall


  Provides structure and support
• Mitochondria


  Carry out respiration to release energy
• Ribosomes


  Protein synthesis
• Chloroplasts


  Carry out photosynthesis
• Vacuole


  Contains cell sap
• Prokaryote


  A cell that does not have a nucleus
• Eukaryote


  A cell that has DNA in a nucleus
• Cell structures in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes


  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
• Plasmid


  A small loop of DNA in bacteria
• Plant cell wall


  Made from cellulose
• DNA storage in bacterial cell


  As a single, free-floating loop; also on plasmids
• Differentiation


  The process by which cells become specialised
• Magnification


  Magnification = Image Size ÷ Actual Size
• A photograph of a cell is 15mm long. It has a magnification of 1100x. The actual size is 0.0136mm, or 13.6µm
• A cell is 12µm wide. It is magnified by 450 times. The image size is 5400µm, or 5.4mm
• If the image of a virus is 1.2mm, and its actual size is 0.2µm, the magnification is 6000 times
• 38500µm is 38.5mm
• There are 1000 µm in 1mm
• 17400m in standard form is 1.74 x 10^4 m
• 0.0034 in standard form is 3.4 x 10^-3
• Sperm cell adaptation


  It has a tail to swim to the egg