Statistics (Research)

• Enumerate the 5 Stages of Data

  1. Data Collection
  2. Data Preparation
  3. Data Visualization
  4. Data Analysis
  5. Data Storytelling
• The outcome variable's values rely on the effect of the predictor variable
• Predictor variable is also known as the independent variable.
• Outcome variable is also known as the Dependent Variable.
• Parametric & Non-Parametric Test

  
• Examples of One Sample Parametric Test:

  • t test
  • z test
• Examples of Two Sample (Individual Sample) Parametric Tests:

  • Two Group T-test & Z-test
• Non-Parametric Tests: A type of test that does not assume a normal distribution.
• Examples of One Sample Non-Parametric Test

  • Chi-square
  • Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S)
  • Runs Test
  • Binomial
• Two Sample Non-Parametric Test (Individual Sample)

  • Chi-square
  • Mann-Whitney Median
  • K-S
• Two Sample Non-Parametric Test:

  • Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test
  • Wilcoxon Rank-sum Test
  • Kruskal-Wallis test
  • Spearman's Rank Correlation
• Significance could be categorized into two categories,

  • Difference
  • Relationship
• Difference is when we compare two subjects, it is due to real effects and it identifies the distinction between the groups.
• Relationship is a connection between two or more entities, such as people, things, or ideas. For example: "a sharper blade makes a cleaner cut," the relationship between these objects is that the sharper the blade, the cleaner the cut. There is an association between the two, and it is unlikely to occur by random chance.
• Parametric Test

  • Assumed Distribution
  • Assumed Variance
  • Typical data
  • Data set relationships
  • Usual central measure
  • Benefits

  AD: Normal

  AV: Homogeneous

  TD: Ratio or Interval

  DSR: Independent

  UCM: Mean

  B: Can draw more conclusions
• Non-Parametric Test

  • Assumed Distribution
  • Assumed Variance
  • Typical data
  • Data set relationships
  • Usual central measure
  • Benefits

  AD: Any

  AV: Homogeneous or Heterogeneous

  TD: Ordinal or Nominal

  DSR: Any

  UCM: Median

  B: Simplicity; less affected by outliers
• Statistical analysis is the main method for analyzing quantitative research data. It uses probabilities and models to test predictions about a population from sample data.