Motivation & Emotion

• Physiological needs?

  determine what a need is and how they contribute to health and well being. something necessary for survival (oxygen, food and water)
• Drive Theory?


  the concept that explains motivations as being driven by unsatisfied needs. Individuals are motivated to take actions to reduce unmet needs. Eg; hunger, hormones signal response to blood glucose levels, alerting hungers, once you eat it satisfies the need.
• Feedback cycle?

  • satiation:the feeling of a need being met
  • negative feedback: regulating a motivated behaviour in response to a need being met, to maintain homeostasis.
• Homeostasis?


  maintain internal stability from external change.
• Leptin?


  satiety hormone
• Ghrelin?

  hunger hormone
• Chronic deficiency?


  needs are met to an extent to keep the organism alive but not thriving in a state of well being (’healthy’)
• malnutition?


  deficiencies, excess or imbalances in a persons’ intake of energy and/ or nutrients.
• chronic malnutrition?


  is a risk factor for an array of longitudinal health issues.
• Sleep?

  promotes physiological restoration, muscular recovery, immune function and growth.
• 3types of needs?

  • physiological; thirst, hunger, sex
  • psychological; autonomy, competence, relatedness
  • implicit motives; achievement, affiliation, power
• Humanistic psychology?


  what is means to be human.
• Maslows Hierarchy of Needs?

  Self-actualisation, esteem needs, belonging and love, safety needs, physiological needs.
• Level 1: Physiological needs?


  food, water, sleep, temperature
• Level 2: Safety?


  an intermediate category between the most basic needs.
• Level 3: belonging and love?

  fostering social and interpersonal relationships, developing connections with other human beings
• Level 4: esteem?

  for oneself and feeling respected/ recognised by others
• Level 5: self-actualisation?

  realising ones full potential, being totally fulfilled with life and always seeking growth/ experinces
• Added level: Transendence?

  to become everything one is capable of becoming. religion and spirituality
• Self determination theory (SDT)?


  framework for understanding human developemtn and motivation.
• Autonomy?


  the desire for choice, we want to be able to regulate our own behaviour.
• competence?


  our desire to feel effective when engaging with our environment, seek out challenges and new skills
• relatedness?


  the needs to feel connected with and understood by others. development of social relationships protect us against disorders such as depression
• Sex?


  sexual motivation underpinned by hormones: estrogen, testosterone and external factors.
• Libido?


  drive to meet sexual needs
• Bowlby-attachment theory?


  is the product of parents and caregivers indentifying and supporting children’s needs for bonding.
• 4 types of attachment?

  • secure
  • anxious
  • avoidant
  • fearful
• Internalisation?


  taking in the beliefs, behaviours and regulations from other people (extrinsic motivation)
• Structure environments?


  environments structures or designed to make competence need satisfaction and flow more likely. 3 elements: clear expectations, guidance and feedback
• arousal?


  physiological and psychological activation to ready us for action.
• optimal arousal?


  perform best
• physiological elements of arousal:

  • increased heart rate
  • skin conductance
  • blood pressure changes
  • high emotional state
  • stimuli with high positive change
• Non-optimal arousal effect: high test anxiety, worst test performance
• flow: complete absorption in a task where a skill and the challenge perfectly match, disconnected from effort
• skill acquisition: how we learn to react to the world around us
• 3 stages of model of motor learning:

  • cognitive
  • associative
  • autonomous
• Chronic stress

  • hyperarousal
  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease and immune system
• Emotions: short lived reactions to and reflections of our internal states
• feelings: subjective interpretation and experience of the underlying emotion
• Reeves4 component

  • feelings
  • bodily responses
  • sense of purpose
  • expressive behaviours