LAS 3

• Properties of a Well-Written Text:

  • Organization
  • Coherence and Cohesion
  • Language Use and Mechanics
• Organization also known as arrangement, is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged with focus on the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order in a paragraph, essay, or speech.
• Paragraph arrangements


  • Chronological Order
  • Order of Importance
  • Spatial Order
  • Definition Order
  • Classification
  • Process
  • Cause and Effect
  • Comparison and Contrast
  • Listing
  • Clarification
  • Summary
  • Example
  • Addition
• Chronological Order


  first, second, later, before, next, after, then, etc.
• Order of Importance


  less, more, primary, most important
• Spatial Order


  above, below, beside, in front of, inside, opposite, within
• Definition Order


  is, refers to, can be defined as, means, consists, involves
• Classification


  classified as, comprises, is composed of, varieties of
• Process


  first, next, then, following, after that, last, finally
• Cause and Effect


  Causes: because, for, since, leads to, causes; Effects: results in, therefore, thus, as a result, hence
• Comparison and Contrast


  Similarities: both, also, likewise, too, as well; Differences: unlike, differs from, in contrast
• Listing


  the following, several, for example/instance
• Clarification


  in fact, in other words, clearly
• Summary


  in conclusion/summary/brief/short, to summarize/sum up
• Example


  for example/instance, to illustrate
• Addition


  furthermore, additionally, also, further, moreover
• Coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage, including both the main point of sentences and the main point of each paragraph.
• Cohesion refers to the connection of your ideas both at the sentence level and at the paragraph level.
• Cohesion

  • Unity of ideas in a paragraph
  • connection of ideas to the main/central idea
  • every detail in the paragraph support the main ideas
  • sentences are cohesive as a group of sentences
• coherence

  • quality of being logical and well-organized
  • uses transitional devices
  • follows a logical order
• Transitional Devices

  • helps connect words
  • allows smooth flow of ideas
• • A text with cohesion but no coherence is difficult to follow.
  • A text with coherence but no cohesion has no definite point.
  • A text with both cohesion and coherence is logically sequenced and stays on topic
• Cohesion without coherence - ideas are connected about the central idea but the structure does not make sense
• Coherence without cohesion - the central idea is not clear because the author jumps from one idea to another
• Cohesion with coherence - main topic is identified and follows a logical manner