PRACTICAL RESEARCH

• Literature

  An oral or written record of man's significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner
• Literature

  • Direct expressions of man's knowledge of the world are in books, periodicals, and online reading materials
  • Indirect expressions are his inferences or reflections of his surroundings that are not written or spoken at all
• Related Literature

  • Gives the researcher a complete understanding of what is known about a given topic
  • Provides the researcher with many ideas about ways to design and carry out the research more effectively
  • Essential because effective research must be based upon past knowledge
• Related Studies

  • Studies, inquiries or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity
  • Usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, thesis and dissertations
  • Can be classified as Local (conducted and printed in the Philippines) or Foreign (conducted and printed in foreign lands)
• Purposes of Review of Related Literature (RRL)

  • To obtain background knowledge of your research
  • To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world
  • To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge
  • To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies
  • To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your research
  • To explain technical terms involved in your research study
  • To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your research
  • To avoid repeating previous research studies
  • To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic
• Characteristics of RRL and RRS

  • The surveyed materials must be recent as possible
  • Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
  • Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
  • Surveyed materials must have been upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable
  • Reviewed materials must not be too few nor too many
• Styles or Approaches of RRL or Review of Related Literature

  • Traditional Review of Literature
  • Systematic Review of Literature
• Traditional Review of Literature

  Does not require you to describe your method of reviewing literature but expects you to state your intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of information
• Different Types of Traditional Review

  • Conceptual review
  • Critical review
  • State-of-the-Art review
  • Expert review
  • Scoping review
• Systematic Review of Literature

  A style of RRL that involves sequential acts of a review of related literature
• Steps in Writing Systematic Review

  1. Have a clear understanding of the research questions

  2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data

  3. Do the literature search

  4. Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies, or sources of knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the reasonableness of your decision to take some data and junk the rest

  5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies

  6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data
• Types of Sources of RRL and RRS

  • Primary Source
  • Secondary Source
  • Tertiary Source
• List of Sources of RRL and RRS

  • Books, Encyclopedia, Almanac and other similar references
  • Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers and other publications
  • Manuscript, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries
  • Unpublished thesis and dissertations
  • The constitution and laws and statues of the land
  • Bulletins, circulars and orders emanating from government offices and departments, especially from the Office of the President of the Philippines and Dep Ed
  • Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities
  • Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise
  • Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, scientific, technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities
  • Movies and films
• The Process of Review of Related Literature

  Stage 1: Search for Literature

  • Researcher devotes time looking for sources of knowledge, data, or information to answer research questions or support assumptions
  • Sources can be printed or electronic

  Stage 2: Reading the Source Material

  • Researcher needs to apply understanding, critical thinking, inferencing, generalizing, concluding and predicting to evaluate if material is aligned to research topic

  Stage 3: Writing the review

  • Connect and organize ideas to form overall understanding by paraphrasing, summarizing, evaluating and quoting
  • Arrangement of ideas and structure of sentences/language must be coherent
• Concept maps

  Can be used to extract and summarize important points, synthesize and organize information from multiple sources, help make sense of information while conducting a literature review
• Acknowledgment

  The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something for the production of the paper
• References or Bibliography

  A complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from
• Citation or In-text Citation

  References within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related Literature
• Purposes of Citation

  • To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field
  • To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people's claims, conclusions, and arguments
  • To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic
  • To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
  • To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
  • To save yourself from plagiarism
• Patterns of Citations

  • Summary
  • Paraphrase
  • Evaluation
  • Quotation
• Short or Direct Quotation

  Only a part of the author's sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern
• Long Direct or Block Quotation

  Copied author's exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem
• Reasons to justify the act of quoting

  • The idea is quite essential
  • The idea is refutable or arguable
  • The sentence is ambiguous or has multiple meanings
  • There's a strong possibility that questions may be raised about the citation
  • It is an excellent idea that to make it a part of your paper will bring prestige and credibility to your entire work
• Integral Citation

  Citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the author's ideas
• Non-integral Citation

  Downplays any strength of the writer's personal characteristics, the stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas
• RRL Abbreviations

  • et al. - 'and others' used in in-text citations where there are 3 or more authors
  • Comp. - Compiled or custom textbooks are created to support specific units
  • ed. - For the edition of a book
  • Ed. Or Eds. - When a book includes editors rather than authors
  • n.d. - For sources that do not have a date of publication, substitute 'n.d.' (no date) after the name of the author
  • nap - No page numbers
  • No - Use in your end text referencing when the resource incorporates a number that represents the accession, order, catalogue, number, etc.
  • p. or pp. - These are included in the in-text citation. If one page number is being referred to, use the abbreviation p. for page. If there are multiple pages use pp. to present pages
  • para. - For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number and, if available, preceded by the abbreviation 'para.'
  • Rev. ed. - Used in end-text referencing when item is identified as being a revised edition
  • Trans. - Name the translator or editor only in the end-text reference, immediately following the title. In the case of translated works, cite the title in its translated form, not in its original form
  • Vol or Vols. - Include in end-test referencing if books include volume information