PCOS

• Skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system
• Skin


  • 1 inch of the skin contains 19 million cells and 60,000 melanocytes
  • Contains 1,000 nerve endings
  • Contains 20 Blood vessels
• Melanocytes


  Produces melanin or responsible for skin pigments
• In an average adult, skin covers a surface area in excess of 2 m2. With the exception of the skeletal muscles, the skin is the heaviest organ of the body. The skin varies in thickness between the palms and soles of the feet, where it is very thick, to the fine delicate skin on the face
• Adults in our age, skin covers 15% of our total body weight
• Types of skin


  • Glabrous (non-hairy)
  • Hairy
• Glabrous (non-hairy) skin


  • Found on the palms and soles of the feet, lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands but has a very thick epidermis and encapsulated sense organs in the dermis
• Hairy skin


  • Hair follicles and sebaceous glands are both present, but there are no encapsulated sensory organs
• Skin thickness


  • Thick skin (0.6 to 4.5 mm)
  • Thin skin (0.1 to 0.15 mm)
• Thick skin


  • Contains 5 layers in epidermis (stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basal, and stratum lucidum)
  • Contains sweat glands
• Stratum lucidum


  Thin transparent layer located between stratum basal and stratum corneum
• Thin skin


  • Thin epidermis
  • Contains 4 layers in epidermis (stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basal)
  • Contains hair follicles
  • Contains arrector pili (Goosebumps)
  • Contains sebaceous glands
  • Main objective is to protect the body from dehydration and any pathogen attack
• Functions of the skin

  • Protection
  • Vitamin D production
  • Sensation
  • Excretion
  • Body temperature regulation
• Epidermis


  Avascular structure, made up of many layers of cells, responsible for producing the main barrier known as the horny layer or stratum corneum
• Horny layer


  Made up of water resistant dead cells, called corneocytes, which are segmented together with a complex lipid material
• Layers of the epidermis

  • Germinative or basal layer
  • Stratum spinosum or prickle cell layer
  • Stratum granulosum or granular layer
• Keratinization


  The dynamic process of epidermal renewal, begins in the basal layer where the cells, known as keratinocytes, multiply by mitotic cell division and are continually pushed upwards whilst producing the protein, keratin
• Dermis


  Functions as a supporting frame to the epidermis, supplying it with nutrients via the blood capillaries. It also supports the sensory nervous system, secretory glands and hair follicles
• Composition of the dermis

  • Collagen and Elastin
  • Ground substance
  • Mast cells
  • Sweat glands
  • Sensory skin receptors
• Collagen


  Gives tensile strength
• Elastin


  Allows the skin to deform and go back to the original state
• Ground substance


  Consists of salt, water and glycosaminoglycans, including hyaluronic acid which plays a vital role in the hydration of tissues
• Mast cells


  Responsible for synthesis and secretion of heparin, histamine and prostaglandins
• Sweat glands


  • Apocrine glands (specialized sweat glands found on the armpits and pubic region)
  • Eccrine glands (true sweat glands found all over the body, regulate body temperature)
• Sensory skin receptors


  Can be found in the dermis, contain pain and touch receptors that transmit sensation for interpretation
• Hypodermis


  Layer of fatty or adipose tissue below the epidermis, helps insulate the body and acts as a buffer against trauma
• Skin types


  • Normal
  • Dry
  • Oily
  • Combination
  • Sensitive
• Normal skin


  Some pores along T-zone, rare break-outs, slight oily shine
• Dry skin


  Little to no pores or shine, flaky & tight skin
• Oily skin


  Frequent breakouts, large pores, oily shine
• Combination skin


  Oily T-zone, dry elsewhere
• Sensitive skin


  Skin reacts easily to products/environments, turns red, bumpy or itchy
• Types of skin care products

  • Cleansers
  • ...
• Dry skin


  Generally characterized by a feeling of tightness and roughness, may also acquire an ashy gray color, with occurrence of desquamation, itching, redness and small cracks
• Oily skin


  • Frequent breakouts
  • Large pores
  • Oily shine
• Oily skin


  Has a porous, humid and bright appearance, caused by excessive fat production by sebaceous glands, usually determined by genetic and/or hormonal causes
• Combination skin


  Based on its location, it presents characteristics of both dry and oily skin since the distribution of sebaceous and sweat glands is not homogeneous
• Sensitive skin


  • Skin reacts easily to products/environments
  • Turns red, bumpy or itchy
• Sensitive skin


  More prone to react to stimuli to which normal skin has no reaction, a fragile skin, usually accompanied by feelings of discomfort, such as heat, tightness, redness or itching
• Types of Skin Care Products

  • Cleansers
  • Exfoliators
  • Treatments
  • Serums
  • Chemical Peels
  • Toners
  • Moisturizers
  • Sunscreen