Genetic Continuity

• Genetics is the study of hereditary and variation. It involves inheritance (transfer) of physical and biological characteristics carried by genes and alleles from the parents to the offspring.
• Genes are the units of genetic information (stretch of DNA on a chromosome) i.e. they provide instructions for making proteins.
• An allele is an alternate form of the gene coding for a particular trait (characteristic) such as blood type in animals or colour of flowers in plants.
• DNA is the chemical that genes and chromosomes are made of. DNA itself is made of nucleotides (chemical units) abbreviated as A, C, T and G, that can be read by cells during

  DNA replication.
• Genotype is the inheritable information in the form of

  genetic codes that are used as the blueprint during cell division or reproduction, for building and

  maintaining living things.
• Phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism which are
• Homozygous produces one type of gamete
• Heterozygous produces two type of gamete
• Haploid cell: a cell with only one chromosome from each homologous pair with only one gene for each trait.
• Diploid cell: a cell with the full set of homologous chromosomes with two genes coding for each trait.
• Genetic continuity describes the maintenance of the number and the type of genes in the daughter cells as identical to the parental (original) cells that went under cell division.
• Genetic continuity describes the maintenance of the number and the type of genes in the daughter cells as identical to the parental (original) cells that went under cell division.
• LAW OF SEGRAGATION (MENDEL'S 1ST LAW)

  According to Gregor Mendel (Father of Genetics), allele pairs segregate (separate) randomly from each other during production of gametes.
• The Law of Independent Assortment (Mendel's 2nd law) also known as ‘Inheritance Law’, states that alleles of different genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring during gamete formation.
• Genetic recombination is the genetic transmission by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals.
• During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair along their length and cross over at points called chiasma where it breaks and rejoins, trading some of their genes