RPC

• Matter


  - anything that occupies space and has mass

  - it is the material substance
• Mass


  - is the quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence

  - is measured in kilograms

  - remains unchanged regardless of it's state
• Weight


  force exerted on a body under the Influence of gravity
• Energy


  - can exist in several forms

  - ability to do work
• Energy


  - measured in joules(J) when used in the International System

  - measured in electron volt(eV) when used in radiology
• Radiation


  energy that is emitted through space
• Potential Energy


  the ability to do work by virtue of position
• Kinetic Energy


  the energy of motion, possessed by all matter in motion
• Chemical Energy


  energy released by a chemical reaction
• Electrical Energy


  represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)
• Thermal Energy


  - the energy of motion at the molecular level

  - it is the kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature
• Nuclear Energy


  the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom
• Electromagnetic Energy


  - least familiar form of energy

  - most important in the field of radiology

  - used in x-ray imaging

  - has a spectrum electromagnetic waves which includes x-rays and gamma rays
• Base Quantities


  - mass

  - length

  - time
• Derived Quantities


  - volume

  - mass density

  - velocity

  - acceleration
• Special Quantities


  - exposure

  - dose

  - effective dose

  - radioactivity
• Volume


  V = L x H x W
• Mass Density


  p = M x V
• Velocity


  v=d/t
• Acceleration


  a=v/t
• Units


  - one part of a measurement

  - it is the measurement of a quantity
• Magnitude


  another part of measurement, it is the numerical value
• Length


  measured in meters
• Mass


  measured in kilograms
• Time


  measured in seconds
• The Standard Unit of Length


  the distance traveled by light in 1/299,792,468 second
• The Standard Unit of Mass


  is a platinum-iridium cylinder which has the same mass as 100 cubic centimeters of water
• The Standard Unit of Time


  an atomic clock and is based on the vibration of cesium atoms
• Atom


  - the smallest particle that has the properties of an element

  - they are electrically neutral in their normal state

  - consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Atom


  the building block of the radiographer's understanding of the interaction between ionizing radiation and matter
• Atomos


  greek word for atom; which means indivisible
• Greek Atomic Model


  - matter is composed of four substances: earth, water, air, and fire

  - all matter could be described as combinations of these four basic substances in various proportions, modified by four basic essences: wet, dry, hot, and cold
• Dalton's Atomic Model by John Dalton


  - showed that the elements could be classified according to integral values of atomic mass

  - an element was composed of identical atoms that reacted the same way chemically

  - suggested that the physical combination of one type of atom with another was visualized as being an eye-and-hook affair
• Dmitri Mendeleev


  - a russian scholar

  - showed that if the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, a periodic repetition of similar chemical properties occured

  - about 65 elements had been identified in his time

  - his work resulted in the first periodic table of the elements
• Thomson Atom by J.J Thomson


  - he investigated the physical properties of cathode rays(electrons)

  - he concluded that electrons were an integral part of all atoms
• Thomson Atom by J.J. Thomson


  - he designed his atomic model based on a plum pudding in which the plums represented negative electric charges and the pudding was a shapeless mass of uniform positive electrification

  - the quantity of electrons was thought to equal the quantity of positive electrification
• Rutherford Atom by Ernest Rutherford


  - disproved Thomson's atomic model

  - he split the atom and discovered the nucleus of the atom

  - proposed the nuclear model of the atom wherein electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed paths called orbits
• Bohr Atom by Niels Bohr


  - improved Rutherford's model of the atom

  - he introduced his model in the form of a miniature solar system in which electrons revolved about the nucleus in prescribed orbits

  - his model is the best way to represent the atom although the details of atomic structure are more accurately described by the newer, quantum chromodynamics
• Fundamental Particles of the Atom


  nucleuons= protons, neutrons, electrons
• Protons and Neutrons


  composed of quarks that are held together by gluons