New codon might still code for same amino acid because genetic code is degenerate (meaning the same amino acid can be coded for by more than one triplet)
A mutation (substitution or frameshift) may create a premature stop codon and result in the production of a shorter and often non-functional polypeptide
Occur for a limited time in early mammalian embryos, can divide and differentiate into every cell type in body (including the cells that support the embryo, such as the placenta)
Produced from adult somatic cells (non-pluripotent cells or fibroblasts) by putting in specific protein transcription factors associated with pluripotency, causing the cell to express genes associated with pluripotency (reprogrammed)
Proteins that move from cytoplasm to nucleus, bind to DNA at a specific base sequence on a promotor region, and stimulate ('activator') or inhibit ('repressor') transcription of target gene(s)
Epigenetic changes could be manipulated to treat cancer i.e. drugs to prevent histone acetylation / DNA methylation that may have caused these genes to be switched on/off, resulting in cancer