Criminal Explanations

• Personality: what is extraversion?

  outgoing behaviour, it is where a person is social and active
• Personality: what is introversion?

  this is an individual who is typically reserved and reflective, someone who is more likely to prefer solidarity to social activities
• Personality: what is neuroticism?

  this is emotional instability associated with anxiety, fear, depression and envy.
• Personality: what is stability?

  this is where an individual feels emotionally calm, unreactive and unworried
• Personality: what is psychoticism?

  this is an individual who lacks empathy and is aggressive, impersonal and cold
• Personality: what is the PEN personality made of?

  psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism
• Personality: what do the characteristics of the PEN personality explain?

  criminality
• Personality: what does ARAS stand for?

  ascending reticular activating system
• Personality: what does activity in the ARAS lead to?

  stimulation of the cerebral cortex, leading to higher cortical arousal.
• Personality: in the arousal theory, what are introverts characterised by?

  an overactive ARAS
• Personality: as introverts have an overactive ARAS what does this mean?

  they are more cortically aroused
• Personality: as introverts have an overactive ARAS what does this mean?

  this means introverts require less external stimulation or arousal. This explains why they are less outgoing.
• Personality: in the arousal theory, what are extraverts characterised by?

  an underactive ARAS
• Personality: extraverts have and underactive ARAS, what does this mean?

  they seek greater amounts of external stimulation to restore the optimum level of stimulation.
• Personality: extraverts have an underactive ARAS, what does this mean?

  they are less cortically aroused
• Brain injury: what percentage of the general population at one point in their lives suffer ABI?

  8.5%
• Brain injury: what does ABI stand for?

  acquired brain injury
• Brain injury: how does gender affect the likelihood of brain damage at a young age?

  both sexes are equally affected when very young
• Brain injury: how does gender affect teenagers acquiring a brain injury?

  males are at much more risk than females
• Brain injury: how is the age of the individual when acquiring brain injury associated with offending behaviour?

  recent work has shown that skills which are developing at the time of injury may be more vulnerable to being disrupted compared to established skills
• Brain injury: what are the consequences of TBI?

  poor social judgement
• Brain injury: what are the consequences of TBI?

  poor impulse control
• Brain injury: what are the consequences of TBI?

  poor memory
• Brain injury: what are the consequences of TBI?

  reduced concentration
• Brain injury: brain injury in what area of the brain have been linked to criminal behaviour and impulsive aggression?

  the frontal areas
• Brain injury: what does TBI stand for?

  traumatic brain injury
• Brain injury: what is the percentage of TBI in offender populations?

  50-80%
• Brain injury: what is the percentage of TBI in the general population?

  less than 10%
• Amygdala: what is the amygdala responsible for?

  controlling human emotions
• Amygdala: what can damage to the amygdala cause?

  a lack of emotion or excessive emotions which they cannot control
• Amygdala: how does the size of a persons amygdala affect their behaviour?

  it can be linked with higher levels of aggression
• Amygdala: what did Pardini 2014 find?

  individuals with a smaller amygdala and higher aggression than those with a larger amygdala are more likely to exhibit aggression, violence and psychopathic features up to three years later.
• XYY: how many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?

  23
• XYY: which pair out of 23 are the sex chromosomes?

  the 23rd pair
• XYY: what is XYY syndrome?

  a genetic condition which occurs when a human male has an extra Y chromosome
• XYY: how many chromosomes does a person with XYY syndrome have?

  47
• XYY: is XYY inherited?

  no, it occurs randomly 1 in 1000 individuals
• XYY: what affect does XYY syndrome have on a male?

  it makes them overly aggressive and it also makes them lack empathy
• XYY: what affect does XYY syndrome have on a male?

  it makes them more impulsive
• XYY: what can XYY cause in a male?

  it can cause them to be easily distracted