NATURAL THEOLOGY - complex structures must have been designed by a wise, benevolent deity
TELEOLOGY - from the Greek word “telos” that means “end” and “logos” that means “reason”
Lyell – Processes that shaped the earth millions of years earlier continue in the present
Hutton – Earth must be much more than a few thousand years
JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK a French botanist who believed that species evolved because they inherited traits acquired through the over or underuse of body parts
EVOLUTION is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth
A phylogenetic tree, also known as phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestors.
the id is the most primitive, and is concerned with instant gratification of basic physical needs and urges
the id wants to satisfy our needs and urges; food or sex. it is not aware of what is right or wrong
the superego is concerned with social rules and morals. similar to what many people call conscience or moral standards
the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of our personality. it is what Freud considered to be the self, and it balance the demands of the id and superego in the practical context of reality.
childhood and sexuality affects our personality
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital are the psychosexual stages
The Oedipus complex, also known as the Oedipal complex, describes a child's feelings of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy and anger toward their same-sex parent.
Freud first proposed the concept of the Oedipus complex in his 1899 book "The Interpretation of Dreams,"
The Electra complex is a psychoanalytic term used to describe a girl's sense of competition with her mother for the affection of her father
criticisms of psychoanalytic theory -
Narrow Focused
No Scientific Basis
Not effective
Misogynistic View
WHY IS FREUD IMPORTANT?
Psychoanalysis has enormous historical significance
Freud gave a new way of thinking about why they acted the way they did
IDEAS PROPOSED
Theory of Talk Therapy
Theory of Personality
Theory of Psyche
William Paley is best known for his natural theology and his argument for the existence of God, rather than several gods. He made use of the “watchmaker analogy.”
The Great chain of being - The natural world was cast in the image of a ladder, ranking all created forms from the brightest angel to the humblest worm in a descending order.
CAROLUS LINNAEUS interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a particular purpose
Carolus Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy and binomial system.
GEORGES CUVIER: CATASTROPHISM - The idea that many of the Earth’s crustal features (strata layers, erosion, polystrate fossils, etc.) formed as a result of past cataclysmic activity
THE DESCENT OF MAN (1871) – Charles Darwin where he examined human evolution and sexual selection.
THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS (1872) - his contribution to psychology.