Grand Apartheid in the 1960s

• Republic: Verwoerd aimed to cut ties with Britain, establishing a republic; Harold Macmillan, Britain's Prime Minister, acknowledged Africa's decolonisation; this intensified Verwoerd's policies he saw a threat in surrounding countries
• Republic: South Africa became a republic in 1960, largely supported by Afrikaners, and the Commonwealth in 1961 (economic and cultural/sporting ties with other white commonwealth countries and Britain maintained)
• Economy: Government repression and control fostered foreign investment, Afrikaners held more management roles in industry and business; whites in manufacturing rose; and the 1960s saw 6% annual economic growth, white immigration increased; and income grew by 50%
• Economy: International investment stimulated the economy (Barclays controlled 60% of South African bank deposits); close economic ties to Britain - South Africa's economy was dependent on foreign investment, oil imports, and international technological advancements, its huge mineral reserves continue to be exploited
• International Relations: emphasised opposition to Communism, allied with West and USA who sold arms, during cold war and despite anti-apartheid movements, Western countries invested in South Africa for natural resources
• International Relations: emphasised opposition to Communism, allied with West and USA who sold arms, during cold war and despite anti-apartheid movements, Western countries invested in South Africa for natural resources
• International Relations: Surrounding countries (Rhodesia, Mozambique, and Angola) were friendly, also South Africa was friendly with newly independent states (e.g. Zambia) as they were dependent on South Africa for trade and port access also there was improvement in relations from mid-60s due to African decolonisation and a period of détente (cooling-off period), facilitated by countries relaxing
• Lifestyle for Whites: Affluent in health, education, wealth, and opportunities but this was unsustainable; there was comfortable living standards despite government isolation and control; white population rose from 3.09 million to 3.77 million
• Lifestyle for Whites: Affluent in health, education, wealth, and opportunities but this was unsustainable; there was comfortable living standards despite government isolation and control; white population rose from 3.09 million to 3.77 million