Abnormalities of Abdomen

• Striae - prolonged stretching of the skin

  
• Spider angioma

  
• Severe constipation

  
• Mild constipation

  
• Normal

  
• Normal

  
• Lacking fiber

  
• Mild diarrhea

  
• Severe diarrhea

  
• Hepatitis A - close personal contact, sharing of food. (Nausea, fatigue, stomach pain, jaundice)
• Hepatitis B - blood and certain body fluids, but most commonly from an infected mother to her newborn child (fatigue, poor appetite, stomach pain, & jaundice)
• Hepatitis C - blood, including the sharing of needles or personal items that contain blood (fever, vomiting, fatigue)
• Hepatitis D - body fluids and blood which only develops in those already infected by Hepatitis B. Can lead to liver damage and death
• Umbilical hernia - results from the bowel protruding through a weakness in the umbilical ring. Most occur in infants.

  
• Epigastric hernia - occurs when the bowel protrudes through a weakness in the linea alba. The small bulge appears midline between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus

  
• Diastasis hernia - occurs when the bowel protrudes through a separation between the two rectus abdominis muscle. It appears in the midline ridge. The bulge appear when client raises head or coughs.

  
• Incisional hernia - occurs when the blood protrudes through a defect or weakness resulting from a surgical incision. It appears as a bulge near a surgical scar on the abdomen

  
• Flatus - the abdomen distended with gas may appear as a generalized protuberance
• Visceral pain - occurs when hollow abdominal organs become distended or contract forcefully or when the capsules of solid organs are stretched. This type of pain is often characterized as dull, aching, burning, cramping, or colicky
• Peritonitis (Paralytic ileus) - no bowel sounds
• Obstruction - high-pitched tinkling and rushes of high-pitched sounds with abdominal cramping
• Hepatomegaly - a liver spans that exceeds normal limit (enlarged), and is a characteristics of liver tumors, cirrhosis, abscess and vascular engorgement
• Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) - is defined as a span greater than 12 cm at the midclavicular line (MCL) and greater than 8 cm at the midsternal line (MSL).

  
• Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) - is defined by an area of dullness exceeding 7 cm.

  
• Aortic aneurysm - A prominent, laterally pulsating mass above the umbilicus, and is accompanied by a bruit and a wide, bounding pulse

  
• Enlarged kidney - may be due to a cyst, tumor, or hydronephrosis