biology

• Cnidaria is a phylum of marine invertebrates that includes jellyfish and sea anemones
• annelida: a large phylum that comprises the segmented worms, which include earthworms, lugworms, ragworms, and leeches.
• arthropoda: a large phylum of invertebrate animals that includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and their relatives. They have a segmented body, an external skeleton, and jointed limbs, and are sometimes placed in different phyla.
• mollusca is a phylum of marine invertebrates that includes snails, clams, and slugs
• aves: a class of vertebrates which comprises the birds.
• mammalia: (In form Mammalia; with plural or singular agreement) the large class of vertebrate animals comprising the mammals; (with plural agreement, also mammalia) vertebrates of this class (collectively or individually), mammals.
• radial symmetry: symmetry around a central axis, like a flower
• bilateral symmetry is a condition in which the right and left sides of an item (e.g., a shape or an animal) are mirror images of one another
• evolutionary adaptations that chordates have are: an amnitic egg, limbs for support, a protective outer skin, enhanced lungs and circulatory system, and internal fertilization
• peptidoglycan: a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides.
• chitin is a polysaccharide that is a major component of the cell walls of fungi
• cellulose: an insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.
• eubacteria is
• proteobacteria is a large group of bacteria that includes gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is the ancestor to mitochondria
• cyanobacteria: a division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis. They are prokaryotic and represent the earliest known form of life on the earth. they are also the ancestor to chloroplasts
• diplo means double
• bacillus: a rod-shaped bacterium.
• Basidiomycota is the order of mushrooms and toadstools
• lichen: a plantlike organism that typically forms a low crusty, leaflike, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees. it is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and green algae
• leaf cutter ants and fungi gardens Leafcutter ants use leaves as their fertilizer to grow their crop: fungus. They cultivate their fungal gardens by providing them with freshly cut leaves, protecting them from pests and molds, and clearing them of decayed material and garbage. In return, the fungus acts as a food source for the ants' larvae
•  mycorrhizae are fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plants
• obligate aerobes require oxygen for respiration and cannot survive in the absence of oxygen
• facultative aerobes can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
• obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
• phylogenetics are the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms and is based more on genetics
• taxonomy: the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics and is more traditional
• morphology: the study of the forms of things.
• genetics: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
• a phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms
• bryophytes are plants that reproduce sexually and have spores and they have a waxy cuticle and a stomata
• pterophytes are seed plants that have a fern-like structure and vascular tissue
• gymnosperms are seed plants that produce cones and pollen
• angiosperms are the dominant group of flowering plants, they have a vascular system and are seed-bearing they produce fruits and flowers
• euglenoids are unicellular organisms that are the ancestors of all animals
• ciliates are unicellular protists that have cilia on their cell surface
• amoebas are unicellular and have no nucleus, cytoplasm or cell wall
• a species is a group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring
• defining a species is a process of identifying a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
• structural biodiversity is the variety of structures in an organism's body
• viruses are not living organisms, they are made up of nucleic acids and protein coat