ENQ 2

• Deggs model states that a disaster will only occur if a vulnerable population is exposed to a natural hazard
• Hazard risk equation - risk = (vulnerability x hazard)/ resillience
• vulnerability = ability to anticipate, cope with and recover from a hazard
• resilience = the ability to protect from destruction
• disasters occur when there is significant damage to SEEP factors
• the relationship between resilience and vulnerabilty is important as it determines the risk and the capacity to cope
• Richter Scale - absolute scale meaning wherever the EQ is recorded it will measure the same on the Richter Scale. Logarithmic = increase of an index means that the EQ is ten times a powerful.
• Mercalli - measures the experienced impacts of an EQ - asks people how much they felt the shaking and uses key indicators e.g., how much furniture was shaking. Relative scale as people experience different amounts of shaking
• MMS - describes EQ in terms of energy released. Calculated from the amount of slip on the fault and the area impacted. - more modern than the Richter scale
• VEI - relative measure of explosiveness. Calculated from ejecta, height of the eruption and qualitative observations. Logarithmic scale
• MMS - measures seismic moments
• Richter Scale measures amplitude of wave
• Haiti

  • 1.5 million homeless
  • 80% live below the poverty line
  • $7.8bn in damages
  • 30% budget from foreign aid
  • 306km/2 pop density
  • corrupt government
  • weak government
  • Cholera outbreak soon after
• Sulawesi, Indonesia

  • $58 million in damages
  • 4000 died
  • 200,000 displaced
  • 43% people live in rural areas
  • lack of education
• Japan 2011

  • buildings = insured so low levels of vulernability and high resilience
  • $360bn in damages
  • strong + democratic government - EQ drill day
• Amatrice, Italy

  • 299 died
  • some buildings not comply with anti-seismic law
  • 4500 homeless
• environmental damage caused by Typhoon Haiyan

  • power barges knocked over which caused oil spills
  • 71,000 hectares of farmland were flooded
• Japan EQ and Tsunami caused environmental damage

  Fukushima - radioactive - air quality falling
• Iceland 2010 caused environmental impacts

  eruption caused ice melt and flash flooding
• Mt Pinatubo impacted the environment by

  lowering the global temperature by 0.5C
• bank of Japan offered

  $183bn to banks to aid in recovery
• La Palma eruption caused a decline in air quality because 


  there was sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere
• Nepal received 


  £73 million from the UK after EQ in 2015
• NGOs sent aid to Nepal after EQ and what emerged

  "tent city"
• Italy 2016 EQ caused

  300 deaths
• how many people died after Paso Robles

  3
• Haiti 2021 how many health facilities destroyed

  90%
• US sent X amount of supplies after Haiti 2021

  $2.4 million but the overall damage was $1.6 billion
• Iceland 2010 how many deaths were there 


  0
• How many deaths in Nepal 2015 EQ

  9000
• Mt Merapi eruption 2010 caused how many deaths 


  350