Psychosomatic medicine.

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    • Psychosomatic medicine

      Delves into the intricate interplay between psychological factors and physical health, emphasizing the impact of behavior and mental processes on bodily functions
    • Psychosomatic symptoms
      Real and sometimes painful physical manifestations stemming from heightened physiological arousal triggered by psychological factors such as worry, stress, and anxiety
    • Psychosomatic symptoms
      • Stomach symptoms
      • Muscle pain and tension
      • Fatigue
      • Headaches
      • Skin disorders
      • Eating problems
      • Insomnia
      • Asthmatic or allergic reactions
      • High blood pressure or heart palpitations
      • Weakened immune system
    • Heinroth initially linked sleep disorders to mental states and moods
      1818
    • Psychosomatic medicine

      Embodies a foundational medical approach that considers mental and social factors in both diagnosis and therapy
    • Psychosomatic medicine

      Entails a research focus on understanding the role of mental and social processes in the onset, persistence, and treatment of physical ailments
    • Psychosomatic medicine
      Treatment strategies often involve incorporating psychotherapeutic methods into patient care, recognizing the significance of addressing psychological factors alongside physical symptoms
    • Psychosomatic medicine
      Adopts an individual-centric approach, acknowledging that diseases involve the entire bio-psycho-social unity of an individual
    • Mind-body connection
      Thoughts, beliefs, and emotions can induce physiological changes that impact health and well-being, highlighting the profound influence of psychological factors on physical health
    • Thinkers who contributed to the relationship between mind and body
      • Herakleitos
      • Plato
      • Descartes
      • Heinroth
      • Caruso
      • Schopenhauer
      • Nietzsche
      • Siebeck
      • Von Weizsäcker
      • Von Uexkull
    • Conversion Model (by Freud)
      • Psychological conflicts can transform into bodily phenomena, with physical symptoms serving as secondary expressions of primary psychological conflicts
    • Concept of F. Alexander
      • Distinction between conversion symptoms and symptoms of vegetative neurosis
      • Conversion symptoms involve the expression of psychological distress through physical manifestations
      • Symptoms of vegetative neurosis result from disruptions in the cooperation between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
    • Alexithymia
      • Specific personality structure observed in psychosomatic patients, involving operational thinking and disorders of the structure of the Self
      • Operational thinking entails automatic, mechanical thought processes and a qualitative poorness in describing one's own psychic content
      • Individuals with alexithymia often exhibit impaired abilities to symbolize and may experience relationship emptiness
    • Stress Model
      • Stress triggers physiological responses, including the fight or flight reaction, aimed at preserving homeostasis
      • Selye's concept of the general adaptation syndrome further elucidates the body's response to stressors
    • Theory of Learning
      • Disorders stem from deficiencies or inaccuracies in the learning process, such as anxiety arising as a learned behavioral and emotional response
      • These disorders are closely linked to the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
    • Behavioural Medicine
      • Explores the bio-psycho-social model of health and disease, seeking to uncover connections between physiological responses to stress and the development of various health problems, particularly cardiovascular diseases
    • Psychoimmunology
      • Investigates the interactions between mental experiences and the immune system
      • Psychological influences can either bolster or weaken the body's immune response, mediated by the hypothalamus, neurotransmitters, and hormones
    • Classification of psychosomatic diseases
      • Conversion Neuroses
      • Functional Syndromes and Somatoform Disorders
      • Organic Diseases with a Psychosocial Component
      • Somatopsychic Disorders
    • Conversion Neuroses
      • Characterized by the manifestation of physical symptoms that have no identifiable organic cause, often representing symbolic expressions of internal conflicts
    • Functional Syndromes and Somatoform Disorders
      • Involve impairment of bodily functions without corresponding pathological findings in organs or systems, often presenting as syndromes affecting different bodily systems
    • Organic Diseases with a Psychosocial Component

      • Organic diseases influenced by psychosocial factors in their onset and persistence, such as duodenal ulcer, asthma, atopic neurodermatitis, and high blood pressure
    • Somatopsychic Disorders

      • Refer to the emergence of secondary psychosomatic symptoms and diseases, where physical ailments can impact mental health and vice versa
    • Key risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CD)

      • Hereditary influences
      • Obesity
      • Alcohol consumption
      • Increased sympathoadrenal activity
      • Hostility
      • Aggressiveness
      • Suppressed internal conflicts
    • Type A, Type B, and D-type personalities
      • Type A behavior, characterized by hostility, competitiveness, and a high drive for success, showed a higher prevalence among cardiac patients
      • Type B behavior reflects a calmer lifestyle characterized by cooperation and composure
      • D-type personality, or distressed personality, is associated with negative affectivity, social inhibition, increased emotional distress, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, independent of standard risk factors
    • Intervention in cardiovascular disease management
      • Aims to reduce psychopathological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and hostility, while also addressing stress management to minimize its impact on the immune system
      • Focuses on promoting acceptance of the disease, disease awareness, emotional and social support, and fostering compliance with regimen measures
      • Targets both physiological and psychological factors to improve overall cardiovascular health and enhance patients' quality of life
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