SOLUTIONS

• Solution


  Homogenous mixture of two or more components with uniform composition and properties
• Mass %


  Mass of component / mass of solution x 100
• Volume %


  Volume of component / volume of solution x 100
• Mass-Volume %


  Mass of solute / volume of solution x 100
• ppm


  No. of parts of component / total no. of parts of components in solution x 10^6
• Mole fraction


  No. of moles of component / total no. of moles of all components
• Molarity


  No. of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution
• Molality


  No. of moles of solute present in 1 kg of the solvent
• Solubility


  Maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature
• Henry's Law


  Partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution
• Raoult's Law


  For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial pressure of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction
• Vapour pressure


  Pressure exerted by the vapour on the surface of the liquid at equilibrium, at a given temperature
• Ideal solution


  Solutions which obey Raoult's law over the entire range of concentration
• Non-ideal solution


  Solutions which do not obey Raoult's law over the entire range of concentration
• Azeotropes


  Binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid + vapour phase and boil at constant temperature
• Relative lowering of vapour pressure

  The vapour pressure of a solvent in solution is less than that of the pure solvent due to the presence of a non-volatile solute
• Elevation of boiling points

  The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with increase of temperature, boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure
• Molal elevation constant


  Elevation in boiling point produced when one mole of non-volatile solute in 1000g of solvent
• Depression of freezing point


  The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the substance in its liquid phase is equal to its vapour pressure in the solid phase
• Molal depression constant


  Depression of freezing point produced when one mole of non-volatile solute in 1000g of solvent
• Osmosis


  If a solvent & solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, the solvent molecules will flow through the membrane from pure solvent to solution
• Osmotic pressure


  The excess pressure required to just prevent osmosis
• Isotonic solutions


  Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure at a given temperature
• Reverse osmosis


  The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side
• Abnormal molar masses


  When the molar mass determined by colligative property methods is higher or lower than the actual value
• Osmotic pressure of solution

  in₂ Rt
• Alpha Dissociation

  • i-1/n-1