Energy systems - PE paper 1

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)


  The only usable form of energy in the body.
• Glycolysis


  A process in which glucose in converted to pyruvate to produce energy
• Sarcoplasm


  The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of a muscle fibres and is the site where anaerobic respiration takes place
• Krebs cycle


  A series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen in the matrix of the mitochondrion producing 2ATP
• Electron transport chain


  Involved a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced
• Phosphocreatine (PC)

  An energy-rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles
• Anaerobic


  A reaction that can occur without the presence of oxygen
• Coupled reaction

  When energy require by one process is supplied by another process
• Short term lactate anaerobic system

  Produced high powered energy for high intensity effort in events such as the 400m
• Energy continuum


  A term which describes the type of respiration used by physical activities. Whether it is aerobics or anaerobic respiration depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise
• Oxygen consumption

  The amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
• VO2 max

  The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute
• Sub-maximal oxygen deficit

  When there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically
• EPOC

  The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery about that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time
• Fast component

  The restoration of ATP and phosphocreatine stores and the re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen
• Lactate threshold

  The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood
• OBLA


  The point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre
• Indirect calorimetry

  Measured the production of CO2 and/or the consumption of O2
• Direct gas analysis

  Measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of carbon dioxide that is expired
• The respiratory exchange ratio (RER)


  The ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed
• Altitude training

  Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower
• Plyometrics

  Involved repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power
• Which enzyme breaks down ATP?

  ATP-ase to form ADP and Pi.
• How many molecules of ATP produced in glycolysis?

  2 ATP.
• How many molecules of ATP produced in Krebs cycle?

  2 ATP.
• How many molecules of ATP produced in electron transport chain?

  34 ATP.
• Which factors determine which energy system is used?

  Intensity and duration.
• ATP-PC / Anaerobic gycolytic threshold.


  The point at which the ATP-PC energy system is exhausted and the lactic acid system takes over.
• Anaerobic glycolytic / aerobic threshold.

  The point at which the lactic acid system is exhausted and the aerobic system takes over.
• Two main components of EPOC.

  Lactacid and alactacid
• 4 specialist training methods on energy systems?

  Altitude training.

  High intensity interval training (HIIT).

  Plyometrics.

  Speed, agility, quickness (SAQ).
• The fuel source for ATP/PC system

  Creatine