6Rs and energy types

• Thermal power station


  1. Fuel such as coal or oil burned in furnace to produce heat-chemical to heat energy

  2. Heat used to change water into steam

  3. Steam drives the turbine

  4. Turbine drives the generator to produce electrical energy
• Biomass


  • Burning wood and other organic matter to get energy
  • Releases carbon emissions
  • Classed as renewable energy source in EU and UN legal frameworks
• Hydroelectricity


  • Water has gravitational potential energy
  • Water flows down and turns turbine
  • Turbine connected to generator to produce electrical energy
• The 6 R's


  • Refuse
  • Rethink
  • Reduce
  • Reuse
  • Repair
  • Recycle
• Refuse


  Ask whether the proposed product, part, purchase or journey is required at all
• Rethink


  Consider how the design of a product, its production, will directly affect its sustainability
• Reduce


  Reducing the complexity or number of parts in a product, reducing the number of different product makes and models
• Reuse


  Finding ways to reuse products rather than disposing of them
• Repair


  Being able to repair a product when it is broken, replacing only some parts rather than the whole product
• Recycle


  Recycling materials, although lower down the hierarchy as it takes energy to recycle
• Finite resources


  Resources in limited supply or cannot be reproduced
• Non-finite resources


  Resources in abundant supply and unlikely to be exhausted
• Planned obsolescence is when products are designed to last only a few years as technology dates quickly and older products will be superseded by newer, faster, more efficient models
• Nuclear energy-renewable

  -In a nuclear power station fuel undergoes a controlled chain reaction in the reactor to produce heat-nuclear to heat energy
• Alkaline batteries

  • most common type of domestic batteries
  • they are disposable
  • contain chemicals that are bad for the enviroment
• Rechargeable batteries

  • better for enviroment
  • more economical in long run
  • high initial purchase price
• Renewable energy

  • tidal energy
  • wind energy
  • solar energy
  • nuclear energy
  • hydroelectricity
  • biomass energy
• What does CAD stand for?

  Computer Aided Design
• How does CAD facilitate teamwork?

  Designs can be worked on by remote teams.
• What are some capabilities of CAD?

  Designs can be created, saved, edited, copied, and shared.
• What is a drawback of CAD software?

  Software can be very expensive.
• What is a potential issue with CAD software?

  There can be compatibility issues with other software.
• What does CAM stand for?

  Computer Aided Manufacture
• How does CAM affect production speed?

  Speed of production can be increased using CAM.
• What is a benefit of using CAM in terms of accuracy?

  Accuracy of production is greatly improved using CAM.
• What does CAM ensure about the parts produced?

  All parts are made to the same standard.
• What is a social issue associated with CAM?

  Less need for workers can lead to job losses.
• What can happen to machines in a CAM process?

  Machines can break down the production process.
• What are the two types of CAD mentioned?

  2D and 3D
• What can happen to stock in a CAM process?

  Stock can become obsolete, damaged, or deteriorated.
• What is a significant advantage of CAM regarding human error?

  There is no human error involved in the process.
• What are the disadvantages of Just in Time (JIT) manufacturing?

  • Requires a high-quality supply chain
  • Stock is not available immediately off-the-shelf
  • Fewer benefits from bulk purchasing
• What are the advantages of Just in Time (JIT) manufacturing?

  • No warehousing costs
  • Orders secured before outlay on parts is required
  • Stock does not become obsolete, damaged, or deteriorated
• What does Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) involve?

  It involves an assembly of automated machines for short-run batch production.
• What is the goal of Lean Manufacturing?

  To eliminate areas of waste in the manufacturing process.
• What types of waste does Lean Manufacturing aim to eliminate?

  • Overproduction
  • Waiting
  • Transportation
  • Inappropriate processing
  • Excessive inventory
  • Unnecessary motion
  • Defects
• What does Just in Time (JIT) manufacturing entail?

  Items are created as they are demanded without surplus stock.
• What is design for maintenance?

  Products are designed to be thrown away when they fail or to be repaired and maintained.
• What is planned obsolescence?

  It is when a product is deliberately designed to have a specific, usually shortened, lifespan.
• What does disposability refer to in product design?

  Some products are designed to be disposable.