RAWS

• Reading


  • Not effortless; complex cognitive process; image transmission; language skill that can be developed through practice
• Reading Process


  1. Pre-reading - induce motivation to read and activate schema/background knowledge (title)

  2. While reading - reread until fully understood (what is the story all about)

  3. Post-reading - checking understanding of text (why do you think this happened to ___)
• Basic Reading Skills


  • Rapid Reading - locate specific information or main idea in a short time
  • Skimming - general information
  • Scanning - specific information
  • Previewing - focuses on the relevant (clarifying purpose, reading title and headings, checking visuals)
  • Inferential - deducing ideas not directly expressed (read between the lines)
  • Literal - directly stated (summarizing and paraphrasing)
  • Critical - close and thorough evaluation of claims (distinguish facts from opinions and logical fallacies)
• Types of Reading


  • Developmental - aims to develop (ex. reading to improve)
  • Pleasure - passive; enjoyment and entertainment (ex. reading fav book)
  • Functional - help learn basic functional reading ability (ex. read forms to understand how to fill something)
  • Remedial - correct poor teaching and learning (ex. reading pronunciation chart)
• Patterns of Development


  • Definition - helps clarify ideas (what does it mean)
  • Exemplification/Classification - provide concrete and specific examples to expound the main idea and clarify a point, argument, or concept
  • Description - provides details using sensory or spatial patterns or arranges ideas by location or physical space
  • Chronology/Procedure/Listing - organizes chronologically according to time; can be narration, process, or enumeration
  • Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution
  • Compare and Contrast - how similar and different
  • Persuasion - shows how set of evidence leads to logical conclusion
• Plagiarism


  Presenting someone else's work as your own; borrowing an idea without attributing the author; copy-pasting
• Plagiarism is not a crime but punishable by the law (Copyright Infringement Section 217 of RA No. 8298 or Intellectual Property Code)
• To avoid plagiarism


  1. Summarizing - main ideas only; shortened text

  2. Paraphrasing - own words; equal length

  3. Direct Quoting - exact copy from source; for impact; quotation marks at start and end
• Evaluating sources


  • Relevance to the topic (how well it supports your topic)
  • Author's Qualification (is their background related to the topic)
  • Date of Publication - five years (2019-present); data from older publications may no longer be valid
  • Accuracy of Information (author's tone and style of writing)
  • Location of Sources - avoid blogs or wiki sites; must have complete publication information; reputable sites are edu., gov., net., org. in URL
• Why cite


  To give credit; promote scholarly writing; help target audience identify original source
• Forms of Citation


  • In-text citation - Parenthetical (Karas, 2020), (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014), (Sipacio et al., 2014); Narrative - Karas (2020), Sipacio and Barrot (2014), Sipacio et al. (2014)
  • Reference Citation - bibliographic entries of all references; found at last part
• In October 2019, American Psychological Association (APA) introduced 7th Edition of the Publication Manual, replacing 6th edition in 2009. It provides foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps authors present their ideas in clear, concise, and organized manner.
• APA regulates style and language, document format, in-text citations, and references. Discipline that uses APA are education, psychology, sciences, and social sciences.
• APA Style Guidelines


  • Use clear and concise language (avoid contractions and colloquialisms)
  • Use "I" in place of editorial "we"
  • "that" and "which" are recommended for animals and inanimate objects than "who"
  • Under 10 are spelled out, 10 above are expressed as number
  • Use "they" instead of he or she
  • Descriptive phrases are preferred than adjectives as nouns to label groups of people
  • Past tense verbs should be used to events that occurred at specific point in past (researcher's work)
  • Avoid biased language (race, gender, sex, disability, socio-economic status)
  • Use exact age ranges that are relevant and specific than broad categories (Ex. 65-70 years old)
• References - centered and bold; alphabetical order with hanging indent