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• Philosophy

  • Began at the end of the 6th Century in Ancient Greece
  • Comes from the Greek words "philein" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom)
• Philosophers became the talk of the town in Athens because of the works of Hesiod and Homer
• Hesiod's "Work and Days"


  Poem published around 700 BCE, the idea of man's fate being indebted to the gods
• Homer's "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey"


  Works that contributed to the rise of philosophy
• Stupefaction


  When a person is placed in a position of confusion, it reinforces the need to ask questions
• Questioning


  Indication that real and genuine knowledge does not end in awe, it pushes us to question many things
• Perennial search


  The answers to philosophical questions are never-ending
• Philosophy started in 587 BCE in the town of Miletus
• Miletus


  • Seaport town, considered the center of many things including business and commerce
• First philosophers


  Were called Milesians, their first problems were cosmological in nature
• Thauma

  Wonder, the starting point of philosophical inquiry
• Stupefaction


  Should lead one to question, not to skepticism which is myopic
• Philosophical question


  Touches upon matters related to choice, meaning, and life
• Pythagoras (570 - 495 BCE) marked a radical shift from the mythic to the rational
• Philosophus


  Everyone is a philosopher, someone who pursues wisdom
• Philosophy


  • A science that observes the rigors of science
  • Its object is literally everything and every-thing
  • Studying any object is done through its ultimate causes and principles
  • It is done only by the use of natural reason
• The significance of philosophy is to recognize that the answer is not yet complete
• Sophieʼs World


  A novel that presents the world of both the possible and impossible, where we also live in zones of both the discernible and the indiscernible
• The question "Who am I?" is a staple of truth even from the time of Socrates
• Mytheme


  Ideas based on stories
• Matheme

  Ideas based on reason
• Platoʼs scission


  • Philosophyʼs method cannot be a hybrid or pseudo of a genre of literature, it must be consistent after making its own site and field of investigation
• Branches of philosophy


  • Ontology, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Logic
• Epistemology


  The study on the theory of knowledge, exploring diverse ways by which truth can be achieved and generated
• Theories on knowledge


  • Realism, Relativism, Pragmatism, Phenomenology, Axioms
• Ancient Greek conception of the human person

  • Pre-Socratic thinkers focused on the nature and observation of the cosmos
  • Socrates changed the philosophical landscape by placing a premium on the value of thinking and the human soul (psyche or mind)
• Arete


  Man's soul as the seat of human excellence, the starting point of Socrates' anthropology
• Plato's philosophical anthropology

  Centered on the cultivation of the soul (psyche/mind), which is the real and true nature of the human person
• Three parts of the human soul (Plato)

  • Rational soul (nous), Spirited soul (thymos), Appetitive soul
• Aristotle's view


  Knowing truly the good means doing the good habitually, true knowledge is practical, man's ultimate perfection and happiness consist of wisdom and virtue
• Aristotle: 'Knowing truly the good means doing the good habitually.'
• True knowledge


  Practical. Man's ultimate perfection and happiness consist of wisdom and virtue.
• A good and happy life


  A well-ordered one, guided by and lives in accordance with reason.
• An unhappy life


  A disordered life dominated by vices.
• Human person


  A composite substance and form which complement one another.
• Rational soul of a person


  Exists above the sentiment and nutritive souls, as it performs more complex actions such as thinking, imagining, speaking, feeling, etc.
• Animals and plants


  • Must have soul but only a person can have a soul with rational qualities.
• A rational person


  Someone who can make logical conclusions and go through the usual mental process of assessing the benefits and drawbacks of a course of action or decision without being influenced by emotions.
• Medieval philosophy


  The "in-between time", refers to modern philosophers' inclination to move from Aristotle's philosophy to the Renaissance.
• Supreme goal of human beings in medieval period

  To contemplate God and follow his will. As a result, human nature would eventually conform to the natural law as a mandate of reason.