art 4 and 5

• Ways of losing Philippine citizenship

  • Applying for naturalization in another country
  • Expressed renunciation
  • Denaturalization
  • Serving in the armed forces of another country
  • Being declared by competent authority as a deserter in the Philippine armed forces during times of war
• Expatriation


  Voluntary loss or renunciation of one's citizenship
• Ways of reacquiring Philippine citizenship

  • Naturalization
  • Direct act of Congress
  • Repatriation - process of reacquiring one's original citizenship
• Kinds of Filipino citizens

  • Natural born citizens
  • Naturalized citizens
  • Citizens by election (now deemed as natural born citizens)
• Citizens of the Philippines according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution


  • Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the Constitution
  • Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
  • Those born before Jan. 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
  • Those who are naturalized in accordance with law
• Dual allegiance


  Voluntary and illegal
• Dual citizenship


  Involuntary and legal
• Suffrage is the right to vote which also includes the right not to vote. It is not an inherent right because the state is the one deciding who should exercise the right to vote.
• Qualifications of a voter/electorate

  • Citizen of the Philippines
  • Not disqualified by law
  • At least 18 years old
  • Resident of the Philippines for at least 1 year and in the place where he proposes to vote for at least 6 months
• Registration is not a qualification but a pre-condition for voting.
• Scope/Type of suffrage


  • Election - process of choosing representatives who would act or decide on our behalf
  • Plebiscite - process by which any proposed amendment to or revision of the Constitution is submitted to the people for approval or rejection (ratification)
  • Referendum - process by which any proposed law or ordinance made by the national or local legislative body is submitted to the people for approval or disapproval
  • Initiative - process by which the people can directly propose and enact laws or propose amendments to the Constitution
  • Recall - process by which an elective official may be removed from office before the expiration of his term by a vote of the people (registered petition signed by registered voters in the area concerned)
• Tasks given to Congress under Article V Sec. 2

  • Secure the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot
  • Create a system for absentee voting for qualified Filipinos abroad
  • Design a procedure for disabled and illiterates so that they can vote without the assistance of others
• No literacy and property qualifications for voting
• One man, one vote principle - having the right to vote freely is meaningless if there is no assurance that there will be a fair, honest and just count of votes.
• Omnibus Election Code is the compilation of election laws in the Philippines