RED

• world temp has increased by 1.1C since 1800s
• IPCC says ocean rise by 12cm between 2081-2100
• global warming increases meltwater discharge, increases river discharge, increases sediment in the river and reduces water quality
• Global warming will melt glaciers and make HEP redundant
• Global warming melts glaciers + tundra which are habitats for animals
• glacial meltwater will disrupt the thermohaline circulation as it decreases the salinity of the ocean
• global warming will cause water discharge to initially increase in the Ganges but it will then fall as the water dries out in the dry season
• Global warming means that emperor penguins - who are ice loving - have to go further to find food and have less shelter - 83% decline in breeding pairs
• Rising sea levels threaten to drown important coastal nesting sites for penguins
• emperor penguins are facing extinction - they are part of the food chain - killer whales feed off them
• emperor penguin’s population will decrease by 26% to 47% by 2050 - US fish and wildlife service
• communities rely on 30% of their water coming from the Peruvian Andes
• global warming causes a positive feedback cycle
• global warming - glacial retreat - negative mass balance - increased sediment in rivers - decrease the carrying capacity - low flow rates - sudden flood burst
• global warming - glacial melt - less freshwater available - holds 75% of world's freshwater - will melt into the saline ocean
• global warming - glacial melt - change chemical composition of water - more nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
• 7 grizzly bears died one year in Yosemite after being hit by cars
• Yosemite visitation has increased by 30%
• Yosemite put in a central car park that aims to reduce noise pollution and congestion
• Yosemite has increased their fees to $20
• scale is hard to address in Yosemite as there are many access points
• climate change is hard to manage because it is a context risk and requires a unitary response
• Aletsch glacier has emerald trails that concentrates footpath erosion + has signs that educates walkers
• Lindblad said you cannot protect what you don't know
• Antarctic management

  cannot go within 5m of animals

  75% field team needs to have experience

  limited to a 100 tourists at a time
• 2015 there was a ban of cruise ships in pristine landscapes
• Kames are found in Gleann Emich
• Denali national park in Alaska provides visitors with education
• Zermatt 


  locally sourced water

  car free - buses and taxis are electric

  eco-speed diesel to fuel piste bashers that release 11% less CO
• extreme tourism has increased by 45%
• do nothing - sustainable exploitation - sustainable management - comprehensive conservation
• non-profit group environment America is campaigning to Congress to protect Alaska
• there are refrigerated supports on the legs of the trans-Alaskan pipeline to prevent oil spills + reduces heat transfer that melts permafrost
• WWF has set up nature reserves in Alaska e.g., Bristol bay - protects wildlife e.g., salmon but is a large area that is difficult to manage
• movement to drill laterally from oil rigs in Alaska - more oil can drilled without lots of wells - reduces the amount of CO2 released from gas flaring - hard to implement
• piste bashers in Zermatt release

  11% less CO compared to other resorts
• Alestche glacier is still retreating but 


  this is at a slower rate compared to other alpine glaciers across the world
• the alpine convention aims to introduce wildlife 


  corridors which helps reduce the risk to animals who may migrate because of climate change and glacial melt
• Yosemite is in


  multiple economic use