RW midterms exam reviewer REFERENCE PPT

• Purpose


  A person's ground for why he does something
• Purposes


  • We eat to satisfy our hunger
  • We go to formal education to land on a decent job that would sustain our living
  • We go to work because we need money
  • We watch movies because we want to entertain ourselves
• In reading and in writing, there are also different purposes that facilitate how and why we do them
• Writing according to purpose


  Identifying a purpose should be the writer's primary obligation. Why? Your purpose will dictate the content, mechanics, tone, vocabulary, and the structure of your text.
• Questions to ask before writing

  1. Why am I writing?

  2. What do I want to achieve after writing?

  3. What are my competencies and limitations in writing?

  4. Who are my target or intended audience/readers?
• Questions to ask after writing

  1. Have I achieved my predefined goal in writing?

  2. Does my text satisfy the objectives I have set?

  3. Are my words appropriate to my purpose?

  4. Have my intended readers found my text applicable to their purpose in reading?
• There are countless forms of writing. Writing is actually an art of expression, and it is not limited to a single concrete structure. These forms of writing, as have been made clear above, rest solely on the purpose of their authors.
• Writing for literary purposes


  Also called creative writing or writing for leisure. Expression through writing is boundless. To entertain. Sometimes not based on evidence. Uses informal tone and style (sometimes subjective). Could start with conjunctions. 1st and 2nd person point of view.
• Components of academic and professional writing

  • Context - the situation where professional writing is performed
  • Message - the content of your document (main topic and supporting details, maybe in a form of facts, statistics, testimonies, or even observation)
  • Language - can be formal and informal
  • Purpose - your motifs of writing that will help you determine the reactions you want to elicit from your audience either to make the audience understand (inform) and to change their attitudes or actions (persuade)
  • Audience - it can be primary or secondary
  • Product - the output that you intend to produce
• Examples of academic writing


  • Academic essays
  • Reaction / reflection papers
  • Review papers
  • Critique / position papers
  • Journal articles
  • Research papers / action researches
  • Thesis
• Examples of professional writing


  • Reports
  • Accounts
  • Memorandums
  • Correspondences
  • Summaries
  • Manuals
  • Certificates
  • Forms
• Academic writing


  A type of writing produced by students in an academic setting or everything written in relation to school are for academic purposes. Impersonal - it usually uses third person perspective and does not have direct reference to persons and feelings. Formal - because it strictly adheres to formal English and avoids word contractions (don't, shouldn't), avoid using personal pronouns, and less factual. You also need to build a wide-ranging, field-specific vocabulary that are exclusive to a specific field of study such as psychology, medicine, linguistics, and sciences.
• Tips for academic writing

  • Follow the basics in the writing process (be clear, eliminate unnecessary details, use sufficient cohesive devices, use brainstorming strategies, edit and proofread)
  • Use quotation sparingly
  • Avoid using an imperative tone
  • Avoid writing in an overly formal tone
  • Avoid colloquialisms
  • Don't use exaggeration or hyperbole
• Professional writing


  Any type of communication done specifically in a professional context or anything related to work or corporate fields which often applied in business and technical writing. To inform and persuade readers. Uses business English and a more personal tone. First and second person's point of view but does not mean to use personal anecdotes, jokes, and colloquial expressions. Follows a standard structure and format, and conveys technical content to a specific audience. Objective, concise, and straightforward.
• Tips for professional writing

  • Follow the basics in the writing process (be clear, eliminate unnecessary details, use sufficient cohesive devices, use brainstorming strategies, edit and proofread, be objective and factual to your message)
  • Anticipate reader's beliefs, values, motivations, and possible objections
  • Adjust your language
  • Avoid excessive font effects such as boldface, underlines, and italics (printed)
  • Be consistent with the type of English you use
• Book/literary review


  A specialized form of academic writing because the reviewers evaluates its contribution to the knowledge of the readers. It presents the readers with a "review" and highlights the necessary information present in the original text or the topic. A review serves as a synthesis of a source material.
• A review paper aims on providing a brief recap or summary of a subject matter or a text read. It is not simply a summary, it is a critical assessment, analysis, or evaluation of a work. As an advanced from of writing which involves critical thinking and recognizing arguments.
• Approaches in critiquing a book or literary work

  • Book vs. itself - Giving judgement to a book as a whole, specifically its content, plots, literary devices etc.
  • Book vs. its author - Author's literary work is the most significant factor that affects how and why it is written.
  • Book vs. another book - Book review may focus on doing a compare-and-contrast analysis with another literary work.
  • Book vs. the society where it belongs - Books were written as a contribution to society where it resides, serving its historical importance.
• Examples of book vs. another book comparisons

  • Books in a series: Noli Me Tangere vs. El Filibusterismo by José Rizal
  • Books under one author: Digital Fortress vs. The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown
  • Books under one genre: Twilight by Stephanie Meyer and Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James
• Questions to guide writing a book review

  • What was the story about?
  • Who were the main characters?
  • Were the characters credible or realistic?
  • What did the main characters do in the story that contributed to the conflict in the story?
  • What is the conflict in the story?
  • Could you relate to any of the characters in the story?
  • Do you like the story?
  • What is your favorite part of the story?
  • If you were to write the ending of the story, how would you do it?
  • Would you recommend this story to others? Why or why not?
• Article review


  A more formal version of a literature review for it tackles academic articles rather than literary selections. It briefly summarizes journal articles in print or online and analytically critiques its content according to its educational contribution.
• Structure of a book and article review

  • Introduction (10% of the paper) - Title of the book/article, Writer's name, Writer's thesis statement, Writer's purpose, Major findings or claims
  • Review/critique (Around 75%) - Appropriateness of the methodology to support the arguments, Soundness of explanation in relation to other available information and experts, Sufficiency of explanation
  • Conclusion (15%) - Overall impression of the work, Scholarly value of the reviewed article or book, Benefits to the intended audience, Suggestion for future directions
• Project proposal


  A proposal aims to forward an outline of an event or project that you intend to carry out. It also seeks approval from the right personnel and tells them what the project is, why it is important, and how it will be carried out. A project proposal is also called a concept paper and is written in present or future tense. A highly persuasive and informative document that aims to address a particular problem or issue.
• What a good project proposal specifies

  • Goals and objectives
  • Rationale or justification
  • Methodology or action plan
  • Timeline
  • Budget
  • Expected outcomes or benefits
  • Evaluation plan
• Project proposal


  A proposal that aims to forward an outline of an event or project that you intend to carry out. It also seeks approval from the right personnel and tells them what the project is, why it is important, and how it will be carried out.
• Concept paper


  Another term for a project proposal, written in present or future tense
• Types of project proposal

  • Solicited internal
  • Unsolicited internal
  • Solicited external
  • Unsolicited external
• Solicited internal proposal


  • Target reader is within the organization
  • Responds to a specific request within organization
  • The problem has been identified within the organization and the decision to solve it has been made
• Unsolicited internal proposal


  • Target reader is within the organization
  • Self-initiated proposal that no one asked for
  • Target reader has not yet identified that a problem exists within the organizations; hence, no decision has been made to solve the problem
• Solicited external proposal


  • Target reader is not within the organization
  • Responds to a specific request from someone who is not within the company
  • The problem has been identified and the decision to solve it has made
• Unsolicited external proposal


  • Target reader is not within the organization
  • Self-initiated proposal that no one asked for
  • Target reader has not yet identified that a problem exists; hence, no decision has been made to solve the problem
• Parts of a project proposal

  • Project title
  • Objectives
  • Methods
  • Resources needed
  • Contact
• Project title


  Present the title of the project/event you wish to carry out. Include the names, proponents and a brief introduction as to what it all about.
• Objectives


  The aim, goal, and reason for executing a certain event or project. They are typically written in declarative statements and are usually three or more.
• Methodology


  The body of the concept paper that discusses how the project is going to take place. This would cover the project's aimed date, venue, as well as its target participants.
• Resources needed


  In seeking for an approval, the proponent(s) should make sure that a list of materials / budget needed for the proposed project is presented.
• Contact


  Place the contact information of the proponent(s) at the last part for validation purposes. This should include the contact number and the e-mail address as well as other relevant contact information.
• Research report


  A report that essentially presents a research, discovery, or breakthrough in the academic or corporate world.
• Parts of a research report

  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Conclusions
  • Literature cited
• Title


  The title of the research is uppercased, and is presented in an inverted pyramid structure.