BIOL 221 Final Exam

• integumentary system structures

  skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
• integumentary system function

  protects deep tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D
• skeletal system structures

  bone, cartilage, and ligaments
• skeletal system functions

  protects and supports organs, provides framework, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals
• muscular system structures

  muscles and tendons
• muscular system functions

  locomotion and facial expression, posture, heat production
• nervous system structures

  brain, spinal cord, nerves
• nervous system functions

  responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
• cardiovascular system structures

  heart and blood vessels
• cardiovascular system functions

  transports blood
• lymphatic system structures

  red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
• lymphatic system functions

  returns leaked fluid, disposes of debris, white blood cells
• respiratory system structures

  nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• respiratory system functions

  blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
• digestive system structures

  mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum
• digestive system functions

  processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
• urinary system structures

  kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• urinary system functions


  excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
• endocrine system structures


  glands
• endocrine system functions


  secretes hormones, regulates homeostasis, growth, and reproduction
• male reproductive system structures

  prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
• male reproductive system functions

  produces offspring
• female reproductive system structures

  mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
• female reproductive system functions

  Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

  Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

  Provides milk to nourish newborn infant

  Sexual intercourse
• homeostasis


  ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
• How is homeostasis maintained?

  chemical, thermal, and neural factors
• positive feedback

  output increases the stimulus, blood clotting, breast feeding
• negative feedback

  reverses the direction of change, body temp rises and falls
• tonicity


  ability of a solution to shrink or swell
• isotonic


  when the concentration of two solutions is the same
• hypertonic

  Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

  
• hypotonic

  Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

  
• chemical property isotonic

  red blood cells, 0.9% NaCl
• chemical property hypertonic

  1.8% NaCl
• chemical property hypotonic

  distilled water
• hypotonic blood cell

  water goes into cell and bursts --> lysis
• hypertonic blood cell

  Shriveled, dry
• isotonic blood cell

  normal
• primary active transport

  The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.

  
• secondary active transport

  Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.