Chapter 13 - Training for anaerobic and aerobic power

• With aerobic training


  • Decreases HR, SBP and DBP in rest and submax exercise
  • Increases SV, plasma volume, CO, avO2diff, blood flow, distribution
• Aerobic fitness and improvement

  If high, then small improvement and vice versa
• What is tough to gain but easy to lose? Fitness
• Specificity


  Refers to adaptations in metabolic and physiologic functions that depend upon the type and mode of overload imposed
• Most effective evaluation of sport-specific performance

  Occurs when the laboratory measurement most closely simulates the actual sport activity and/or uses the muscle mass and movement patterns required by the sport
• Specificity

  Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands (SAID)
• When training for specific aerobic activities, the overload must

  1. Engage the appropriate muscles required by the activity

  2. Provide exercise at a level sufficient to stress the cardiovascular system
• Overloading specific muscle groups with endurance training

  Enhances exercise performance and aerobic power by facilitating oxygen transport and oxygen use at the local level of the trained muscles
• Result from greater blood flow in active tissues

  • Increased microcirculation
  • More effective redistribution of cardiac output
  • The combined effect of both factors
• Individual differences principle


  All individuals do not respond similarly to a given training stimulus
• When do you get optimal training benefits? when exercise programs focus on individual needs and capacities of participants
• Detraining


  Reduces both metabolic and exercise capacity, with many training improvements fully lost within several weeks
• Anaerobic system changes with training

  • Increased anaerobic substrates
  • Increased key enzymes
  • Increased capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate (from improves tolerance to "pain" and fatigue)
• Larger and more numerous mitochondria

  Increase a-v diff and generate ATP
• Increased lipolysis (use of fatty acids) factors

  • Greater blood flow
  • More fat mobiliting and metabolizing enzymes
  • Decreases muscle glycogen use
  • Decreased catecholamine release
• Cardiac hypertrophy


  Increases hearts mass and volume with greater left ventricular EDV in rest and exercise
• Functional and Pathological cardiac hypertrophy

  • Functional - exercise training growth
  • Pathological - disease induced hypertrophy
• Plasma volume


  When increases, it enhances circulatory reserve, EDV, SV, O2 transport, VO2max and temp reg
• Detraining, plasma volume returns to pretraining levels within one week
• Heart rateduring training decreases?


  Decreases firing rate while increases max SV and CO
• SV, what four factors produce change?


  • Increased internal left ventricular volume and mass
  • Reduced cardiac and arterial stiffness
  • Increased diastolic filling time
  • Improved intrinsic cardiac contractile function
• Endurance athletes, HR and SV

  Increase to increase CO
• Untrained


  Small increase in SV from rest to exercise
• CO


  Most significant CV adaptation with aerobic training - increase in max CO which results from increase SV
• Submax exercise CO does not change, unchanged or slightly lower from muscle cells enhancing capacity to generate ATP or rapid induced changes
• Max exercise CO changes due to large CO (SV), redistribution of blood, enlargements of CSA of arteries and veins
• Oxygen extraction (a-v O2diff)


  Aerobic training increases the quantity extracted
• Increased oxygen extraction


  Results from increase CO distribution and muscle fibers extraction of O2
• Myocardial blood flow


  • Vascular modifications: Increase in CSA of arteries, arteriolar proliferation(increased tissue cells), recruitment of collateral vessels and increased capillary density
  • Increased blood flow and cap exchange come from: improved myocardial vascularization (formation of cap) and more effective control of vascular resistance and distribution
• Blood pressure


  • The largest reduction occurs from exercise in systolic BP (especially in hypertensive subjects)
  • The number of vessels increases
• Initial level of aerobic fitness

  Magnitude of training response depends on the initial fitness level
• Someone who rates low has significant room for improvement
• Training intensity

  Training induced adaptations rely on the intensity of overload
• Karvonen method


  HRthreshold = HR rest + 0.60 (HRmax - HRrest)
• As fitness improves, exercise level needs to be increased to keep up with physiologic improvements
• HR max is lower for swimming and other upper body for trained unlike untrained


  Due to CVP, horizontal position and cooling effect of water, less feed-forward stimulation from motor cortex to medulla and less feedback for smaller muscle mass on top unlike bottom muscles
• Training at lactate threshold


  The higher the exercise levels the _____ for fit individuals
• Distinction between % HR max and lactate threshold

  • %HR max – establishes a level of exercise stress to overload the central circulation
  • EI from LT - reflects the capability of the peripheral vasculature and active muscles to sustain Steady rate aerobic metabolism
• Consistency, EI, Duration and frequency produces similar training response independent of mode
• Based on specificity, the magnitude of development varies depending on training and testing mode