DRRR FIRST AID

• First Aid


  Immediate help provided to a sick or injured persons until professional medical help arrives or become available
• Objectives of First Aid

  • Preserve life
  • Prevent further harm and complications
  • Seek immediate medical help
  • Provide reassurance
• Legal Concerns in First Aid

  • Consent
  • Duty to act
  • Standard of care
  • Negligence
  • Abandonment
  • Confidentiality
• Health Hazards and Risks

  • Herpes
  • Meningitis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Hepatitis
  • Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)
  • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Ways Disease can be Transmitted

  • Direct contact
  • Indirect contact
  • Airborne transmission
  • Bites
• Emergency Action Principles


  1. Scene safety

  2. Knowing what happened (cause of injury, nature of illness)

  3. Role of bystanders

  4. Number of casualties

  5. Asking permission or consent
• AVPU


  A = Alert, V = responsive to Voice, P = responsive to Pain, U = Unresponsive/Unconscious
• Call first or care first?

  Call first if alone, cardiac related emergencies where time is critical

  Care first for breathing emergencies
• Airway, Breathing, Circulation


  Airway: Open airway to allow air to enter lungs

  Breathing: Check for breathing using LLF technique for 10 seconds

  Circulation: Check for severe bleeding, signs of shock, skin color/temperature/moisture
• Secondary Assessment


  Interviewing the person and bystanders

  Checking the person head to toe

  Using the SAMPLE approach: Signs/Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last intake/output, Events leading to injury/illness
• Home Remedies for Fever

  Paracetamol, mefenamic acid: 500mg every 4 hours (adults), 15-20mg per kg over 4 hours (children)

  Lukewarm bath, hydration, ample rest, resting in cool place (for children)
• Types of Burns


  • Thermal
  • Electrical
  • Radiation
  • Chemical
• Degrees of Burns


  • First degree (skin surface): Reddening, hot to touch

  Second-Degree (partial thickness): Blister formation

  Third degree (full thickness): Sloughing of skin, exposure of subcutaneous tissue and muscles
• Burn Management


  Remove person from source, cool burned area with running water for 20 mins, keep person warm, cover with cling film, do not peel off attached clothing or burst blisters, seek hospital care for severe burns
• Fall Management


  Rest, Immobilization, Cold compress, Elevation
• Warning Signs of Choking

  • Sudden wheezing, gasping for air, irritability, coughing, presence of toys/food
• Choking Management


  Infants: Hold by ankle, head hanging, open mouth and pull tongue forward

  Children: 5 back blows between shoulder blades

  Adults: Heimlich maneuver, back blows, encourage coughing
• Hypertension Home Management


  Bring down blood pressure quickly - sublingual antihypertensive, breathing exercises, relax, be comfortable, sit down, warm bath/shower, provide oxygen if available, go to ER if BP still high