UNDS

• Western culture


  • Focus on oneself and personal needs (egoism)
  • Inclined towards acquisition of material things
• Eastern culture


  • Focus on others and the feeling of others (collectivism)
  • Tilted towards less assets (less is more)
• Western culture


  Obsessed with being successful
• Eastern culture


  More inclined towards long life, equating long life with wealth
• Western culture


  Wealth and poverty is the result of enterprise and hard work
• Eastern culture


  Wealth and poverty is the result of fortune and luck
• Eastern culture


  Values the wisdom of years and seniority
• Western culture


  Celebrates the youth and being young
• Eastern culture


  Subscribes to the concept of reincarnation
• Western culture


  Subscribes to the idea of evolution
• Taken as a whole, these basic and subtle differences between the Eastern culture and the Western culture are taking its toll on Filipinos on which culture to adopt. The dilemma is whether to follow and subscribe to the Western influences or subscribe to Eastern ideas.
• Self (Western)


  • A social construction which is symbolically and signally created between and among social beings
  • A phenomenological object which can be productively studied through as series of evanscent actions, a multidimensional entity
  • An interpersonal unit
  • Takes form in communication
  • Intimately connected to bodily experience both ontogenetically and here and now awareness
  • Both phenomenal and nonphenomenal
  • Acquires substance according to semantic, syntactic and pragmatic
• Self (Eastern)


  • Confucianism - Following the moral way consisting of the virtues of love, righteousness, wisdom, propriety and loyalty in order to promote harmony in society
  • Buddhism - Theravada: detachment and desirelessness to reach nirvana; Mahayana: compassion to other humans for belief that we are part of the same ever-changing universe
  • Hinduism - Attainment of liberation in the identification of Atman and Brahman through the Four Yogas
  • Taoism - Holds that humans and animals should live in balance with the Tao, or the universe
  • Kapwa - recognition of shared identity, or an inner self shared with others
• Individualism


  • People are autonomous and independent from their in-groups
  • Give priority to their personal goals than of their in-groups
  • Behave on their basis of attitudes rather than norms
• Collectivism


  • Interdependent within their in-groups
  • Give priority to the goals of their in-groups
  • In-groups primarily shape their behavior
  • Behave in a communal way
  • Concerned in maintaining relationship with others
• Physical self


  The body which we interface with our environment and fellow being. A tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined.
• People often invest significant time and effort into how they look, paying attention to their appearance in mirrors, anticipating others' perceptions, and worrying about judgments from others based on their physical attributes.
• Our concept of our self and the perception of people around us will always have big effect on how we deal in a situation, cultural or not.
• William James


  Considered the body as an initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality. It is an element of spiritual hygiene of supreme significance.
• Sigmund Freud


  In Psychoanalytical school, construction of self and personality makes the physical body the core of human experience.
• Wilhelm Reich


  Argued that mind and body are one; all psychological processes are a part of physical processes, and vice versa.
• Eros


  Behaviors commonly associated with life instincts which include love, cooperation, and other prosocial actions.
• Thanatos


  Freud's theory that humans are driven toward death and destruction.
• Freud believed that people typically channel this death drive outward, which manifests as aggression toward others. People also can direct this drive inward which may result in self-harm.
• Erik Erikson


  The role of bodily organs is especially important in early developmental stages of a person's life. The development of physical and intellectual skills is crucial for achieving a sense of competence and mastery, particularly during childhood and adolescence.
• Carl Jung


  Argued that the physical body and the external world can be known only through psychological experiences.
• B.F. Skinner


  A leading figure in behaviorism, says that the role of the body is of primary importance (Reinforcement and Punishment).
• In some cultures and religions, specific physical features or body modifications may be considered desirable, leading individuals to alter their appearance to align with these cultural ideals.
• Body modification serves as a means for individuals to express and shape their personal and social identities.
• In Contemporary society, there is often a heightened emphasis on physical appearance, fueled by media representation and societal pressures. This can contribute to individuals feeling insecure about their natural appearance and relying on cosmetic enhancements, to conform to societal beauty standards.
• Self-esteem


  Our overall evaluation of our worth and capabilities.
• Types of self-esteem


  • Inflated self-esteem
  • High self-esteem
  • Low self-esteem
• Self-esteem is influenced by societal standards of beauty and physical attractiveness. Individuals may base their self-worth on how closely they align with these standards, leading to fluctuations in self-esteem based on perceived physical appearance.
• Freud's psychosexual stages


  • Oral stage (1-2 years)
  • Anal stage (2-3 years)
  • Phallic stage (3-6 years)
  • Latency stage (6-12 years)
  • Genital stage (puberty onward)
• Human sexual behavior is described as complex and similar to that of other species. Men's sexual behavior can be aroused by various stimuli, and at puberty. The production of androgens in males and estrogens and progesterone in females leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics.
• The human reproductive system is responsible for producing offspring. During sexual intercourse, the semen from male is discharged in the vagina. The sperms will begin moving up to the uterus reaching the fallopian tube, During the travel most of the sperms will die while climbing up the fallopian tube, only one sperm will enter the ovum and can remain alive for only 12 hours. In this time, if it meets ovum which will lead to fertilization. This zygote (fertilized egg) will form in an embryo from which will enter gestation period. It is around 9 months in time for the woman to give birth. This process leads to conception and eventually the birth of a baby. Following childbirth, the female body undergoes changes to return to its original state.
• Male reproductive system


  • Testis
  • Scrotum
  • Prostate glands
  • Urethra
  • Penis
  • Sperm
• Female reproductive system


  • Ovary
  • Fallopian tube
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
• Erogenous zones


  Parts of the body that are particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which contributes to sexual arousal.
• Erogenous zones


  • Reproductive organs (vagina, penis, scrotum & clitoris)
  • Mouth (lips)
  • Neck
  • Breast (nipples)
  • Ears