13.3 The development of international tourism

• Tourism Facts

  • 3rd largest export earner globally in 2019 ($5 billion a day)
  • Top tourist destination in 2019 was France

  2019 - 1.46 billion international tourists

  2022 - 917 million international toursists
• Tourism Definition

  Social, cultural, economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people, outside of their natural environment (home) for personal/business/professional purposes.
• United Nations World Tourism Organisation (Responsibilities)

  • Promotion as a tool/driver of economic development
  • Ensure environmental sustainability
  • Encourage a 'global ethic code' to minimise negative impacts
  • Used as a promotion goal to achieve the sustainable development goals
• Social Factors Affecting Global Tourism Market

  -Increase in the average number of days paid leave

  -Increase in desire to experience different cultures/landscapes

  -Raise expectations of international travel (media coverage)

  -High levels of international migration so more relatives living abroad.

  -People avoiding some locations for ethical reasons
• Political Factors Affecting Global Tourism Market

  -Governments invested heavily into tourism

  -Government backing for major events, e.g Olympics

  -Perceived likelihood of terror attack in some locations

  -Government restrictions on inbound/outbound tourism
• Economic Factors Affecting Tourism

  -Steadily rising real incomes

  -Decreasing real costs

  -Widening range of destinations (middle class)

  -Expansion of budget airlines

  -'Air Miles' and other retail reward schemes

  -Globalisation increased business travel considerably
• Influence of Tourism Over Time-Globalisation, Transport, Internet

  Globalisation-more opportunities, increased connection and hyper connectivity, increase in number of routes, spread of info and cultures, transport made easier as parts for e.g planes made around the world.Transport-increase in variety, low cost airlines, fuel efficiency, reduction in journey times, better technology.Internet-1957 was first automated booking systems for airlines, 1994 e tickets came into place, 1996 'Expedia' created and other travel websites, 2000 'TripAdvisor' created.
• Influence of Tourism Over Time-Marketing, Social Mobility, Technology

  Marketing-advertised across every platform possible, all over social media etc, 2010 was the first global travel campaign, 2018 Iceland used data to design tourism adverts, piggyback on events, e.g Qatar world cupSocial Mobility-currently 4.8 billion middle class in the world, more disposable income and MPC increased, more opportunities for females in society, migrant workers, impact of COVID is still there.Technology-1953 took 1.5 hours to book a flight and now only 15 minutes, information has increased (Google), mobile technology, fuel efficiency so can travel further, comfort of long flights, more infrastructure.
• Key Travel Motivators

  Prime Reasons-leisure, business, visiting friends and relatives.Secondary Subdivisions-holiday, sport, cultural event, education, pilgrimage, conference/exhibition, meetings, stay with family, meet friends.Tertiary Destinations Preferences-climate, attractions, festivals and events, accommodation, bars, restaurants, transport.Externalities-destination security, exchange rate
• Timeline of Key Changes in Tourism Industry

  1758-'Cox + Kings', first ever travel agency was founded1825-first passenger train.1841-Thomas Cook was founded (travel agency)1841-first package holiday organised by Thomas Cook1860-tourism began to develop in Hawaii1895-National Trust was founded1933-world's first commercial plane (Boeing 747)1946-Bikini's first started to be worn/invented1949-first low cost airline (Pacific Southwest)1974-British Airways founded1987-British Airways privatised1996-first online travel agency created by Microsoft (Expedia)1999-first time online check in was offered at airports2007-continental airlines first company to used electronic boarding passes on their phones2010-British Airways launched mobile boarding passes
• Destinations of Choice and Changes Within Regions

  Europe (Post C-19)-fastest rate of recovery among all major regions (28%), travel and tourism supports 34.7 million jobs.Africa (Post C-19)-2021 tourism contribution to the economy was $119 billion, 21.3 million jobs created as a result, T+T spending declined to 28% due to travel bans etc.Middle East (Post C-19)-experienced the slowest recovery, however events such as IPL have boosted revenues.Asia-Pacific (Post C-19)-slower recovery due to travel restrictions e.g China, international traveller spending dropped 44% in 2021, jobs increased but still 13.8% below 2019.-Once in a lifetime trips e.g Arctic are set to increase post C-19-Cruises have increased in popularity (2022), with popular destinations being N.Europe-Bucket list destinations (Caribbean), selling well as people catching up (37% said likely to visit a country they have never been to before).
• Social Factors Impacting Tourism Trends

  i)Life Expectancy-people living longer so more likely to go on holiday at an older age, grey tourism increased, more people now going on holiday.ii)Ability to retire early-1 in 5 plan to retire at 55, between 2006 and 2016 spending by over 50s on travel increased by £10bn.iii)Media and internet use-TripAdvisor etc influence peoples destination and decisions, 40% of people get holiday ideas from instagram.iv)Visiting friends and family-people prioritise seeing relatives especially post C-19, increased amount of tourists and variety of destinations visited.v)Desire for travel and new experiences-people looking for things that aren't the norm e.g Poldark filming in Cornwall (Kynance Cove).vi)COVID-people changing their holiday habits (staycations etc), many going back to travel agents as want security, tourists want to be more sustainable.vii)Social mobility-produced a huge amount of opportunities, 1 in 2 employed in tourism,
• Economic Factors Impacting Tourism Trends

  i)Increased affluence and disposable income-people now have more money due to increasing real wages, median UK household income is now £30,000.ii)Increased leisure time-people now have more holiday per year, 28 days holiday per year for a standard job, paid holiday, bank holidays.iii)Reduced cost of travel-more budget airlines so wider amount of people can go on holiday, faster travel makes in more attractive, different types of travel, e.g cities.iv)Globalisation and business travel-Mariot/Hilton introduction of "play pass" which was an incentive to book a business and leisure holiday (bleisure).v)TNC involvement-Hilton, Rolls Royce (engine investment), travel is more efficient and familiar, e.g McDonalds in other countries.vi)Package holidays-people going back to the package holiday post C-19 as want security.vii)Improved transport and technology-Dubai airport projected to have 12 million capacity.viii)Marketing and development
• Political Factors Impacting Tourism Trends

  -Terrorism and conflict, after France terrorist attacks tourism dropped by 30%.

  -VISA and implications

  -Government investment in facilities, education, skills training, marketing and advertising

  -Government backed funds for large scale events, Olympics and piggy backing etc.

  -Promotion of UN's SDG's, attracts people.
• General Shocks to Tourism Industry

  -Natural Disaster

  -Health scares

  -Increasing competition

  -Natural processes

  -Exchange rate fluctuations

  -Politcal uncertainties

  -Terrorism

  -International image
• Examples of Shocks to the Tourism Industry

  -2004 Boxing Day Tsunami

  -Climate change

  -Marmaris, Turkey (shark attacks killed 3)

  -Colombo, Sri Lanka terror attacks (2019)

  -2011 Christchurch earthquake

  -February 2023 earthquake in Turkey