ap psych unit 7

• Motivation


  Feelings or ideas that cause someone to go towards a goal
• Theories of Motivation

  • Drive Reduction Theory
  • Arousal Theory
  • Incentive Theory
• Drive Reduction Theory


  • Behavior motivated by biological needs
  • Homeostasis must be maintained
  • Primary drives: biological needs (food, water, etc.)
  • Secondary drives: learned drives like money which help get biological needs
• Arousal Theory

  • Suggests that humans look for the optimal level of arousal
  • Yerkes-Dodson Law: we perform better at easy tasks with a high level of arousal; we may perform worse with high arousal on difficult tasks; we perform best with intermediate arousal
• Incentive Theory


  • People are motivated by a desire rather than a need
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  • Physiological
  • Safety
  • Love/Belonging
  • Esteem
  • Self-Actualization

  
• Biological Basis of Hunger

  1. Washburn Balloon Experiment

  2. Lateral hypothalamus stimulation causes eating

  3. Ventromedial hypothalamus stimulation causes stopping eating

  4. Low glucose and high insulin causes hunger

  5. Set point: hypothalamus maintains certain body weight

  6. Orexin and ghrelin released when hungry, leptin and PYY released when not hungry
• Environmental Basis of Hunger

  • External food cues (sight/smell of food)
  • Garcia Effect: taste aversions
• Eating Disorders

  • Bulimia
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Obesity
• Sexual Response Cycle


  • Initial excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
• Sexual Orientation


  There is a genetic link
• Types of Motivation

  • Achievement motivation
  • Extrinsic motivation
  • Intrinsic motivation
• Theory X Management Style

  • People have extrinsic motivation (works for short period of time)
• Theory Y Management Style


  • People have intrinsic motivation (works for a longer period of time)
• Conflicting Motives

  • Approach-approach
  • Avoidance-avoidance
  • Approach-avoidance
  • Multiple approach-avoidance
• Flow

  Concept where one is so absorbed by doing something that they lose track of time
• Theories of Emotion

  • James-Lange Theory
  • Cannon-Bard Theory
  • Two-Factor Theory
• James-Lange Theory


  • Physiological response first and then emotion second
• Cannon-Bard Theory


  • Physiological change and emotion occur at the same time
• Two-Factor Theory


  • Physiological change and cognitive label occur at the same time to feel emotion
• Stressors


  Life events that cause stress
• SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale)

  Measures level of stress caused by different life-changing events
• Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

  • Alarm reaction: sympathetic arousal
  • Resistance: coping with stress
  • Exhaustion: vulnerable to disease/sickness
• Personality


  An individual's distinctive and enduring characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving
• Psychosexual Stages

  • Oral (10-18 months)
  • Anal (18-36 months)
  • Phallic (3-6 years)
  • Latency (6-puberty)
  • Genital (puberty and onward)
• Oedipus Complex


  Attracted to mom, jealous of dad (for boys)
• Adler Inferiority Complex


  Sad life because of bad childhood
• Collective Unconscious


  Multiple people think the same things
• Freudian Personality Structure

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
• Defense Mechanisms

  • Regression
  • Reaction formation
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • Displacement/Sublimation
  • Denial
• Free Association


  Just talk about the first things that come to mind
• Projective Tests


  Look at random image and say what you see
• Thematic Apperception Test


  Look at an image and tell a story
• Trait Theories

  • Eysenck's
  • Big 5 Personality Traits
  • Cattell's 16 Personality Factors
  • Myers-Briggs Personality Test
• Nomothetic Approaches


  A basic set of traits can describe anyone's personality
• Idiographic Approach


  All humans have unique personalities
• Somatotype Theory


  There are 3 body types associated with personality traits
• Behaviorist Theory


  • Personality is determined by the environment and other outside influences (ex: reinforcers, punishments, etc.)
• Social-Cognitive Theory

  • Personality is determined by the environment and patterns of thought (how we interpret events)
  • Reciprocal determinism: there is interaction between traits, environments, and behavior; these three things influence each other like a loop
  • Self-efficacy: optimism about own ability to accomplish things
  • Internal Locus of Control: belief that you control your own destiny
  • External Locus of Control: belief that everything except yourself controls your destiny
  • Learned Helplessness: belief that some people cannot help themselves because of earlier uncontrollable events
  • Individualistic culture: focus on uniqueness of every person and their decisions
  • Collectivist culture: people do everything for the greater good of their community
• Humanistic Theory


  • People are innately good and have free will (control own destiny)
  • Self-Actualization: people are ultimately motivated to reach their full potential
  • Unconditional positive regard: accepting someone no matter what; helps develop strong self-concept