cultural variations

• indigenous researchers 


  P: strength - research conducted by indigenous researchers

  E: van izjendoorn and kroonenberg included research from a german and japansese researcher

  E: problems with cross-cultural research like misunderstanding ppts language could be avoided

  L: therefore increases validity of data
• counterpoint 


  P: limitation - not true for all cross-cultural research

  E: researchers were outsiders when studying child-rearing practices in Efe of Zaire

  E: data may have been affected by difficulties in gathering data from ppts outside of their culture

  L: therefore data form some countries affected by bias in cross-cultural research
• confounding variables 


  P: limitation - confounding variable impact findings

  E: environmental factors may differ between studies and affect results

  E: less visible proximity seeking due to room size may mean baby is classsesed as insecure-resistant

  L: therefore looking at different studies in different countries may not tell us anything about attachment
• imposed etic 


  P: limitation - trying to pose a test designed for one culture to another

  E: in Britain and US, lack of affection on reunion may indicate an insecure attachment

  E: However in Germany, this would be seen as independence rather than insecurity

  L: therefore behaviours measured in strange situations do not have the same meaning in different cultures