Genetics

• Mutation


  Sudden heritable change
• Mutant


  Individual showing variant altered phenotype due to mutation
• Mutagen


  Agent causing mutation
• Gene mutation


  Change in the sequence of a gene
• Different types of Mutation

  • Harmful
  • Beneficial
• Jet Wright recorded car mutation
• Mutation by Hugo de Vries observation in Oenothera</b>
• Morgan genetically analyzed mutation
• Systematic study of mutation started

  1910
• Mutable gene


  Gene with high rate of mutation
• Classification of Mutation


  • Lethal mutation - causes death of individual
  • Sub lethal mutation - death of 90%
  • Sub vital mutation - kill less than 90% individuals
  • Vital mutation - don't affect survival
  • Supervital mutation - enhances survival
• Causes of mutation


  • Spontaneous mutation - occur naturally without any cause
  • Induced Mutation - Due to treatment e.g. UV light, X-rays
• Somatic mutation


  Mutation occurring in somatic cells
• Germinal mutation


  Mutation occurring in gametic cells
• Mutations are changes that occur in DNA sequences, which can lead to new traits or variations in existing ones.
• Reverse mutation


  Reverse direction
• Types of mutation


  • Visible mutation - affect phenotype character
  • Biochemical mutation - affect production
• Five types of mutation

  • Nondisjunction - failure to separate
  • Deletion - removing a piece
  • Inversion - 180 degree turn
  • Translocation - portion transferred to another chromosome
  • Duplication - sequence is repeated
• Nondisjunction

  Failure to separate
• Deletion

  Removing a piece
• Inversion


  180 degree turn
• Translocation

  Portion transferred to another chromosome
• Duplication


  Sequence is repeated
• Chromosome mutation is an unpredictable change
• The more nucleotides deleted, the more severe the mutation
• Duplication results in multiple expression
• Inversion results in a 180 degree turn
• Translocation involves a portion being transferred to another chromosome
• Gene mutation


  • Point mutation - single base substitution
  • Silent mutation - no observable effect
  • Nonsense mutation - change in one DNA base
  • Missense mutation - substitution in one base
  • Frameshift mutation - loss or addition of DNA
• Frameshift mutation involves loss or addition of DNA
• Course Facilitator


  Mrs. Edyn F. Suela
• Course


  Agri 112
• Chapter


  8 - MUTATION
• Both types of mutations can have positive or negative effects on the organism, depending on their location and nature.
• Spontaneous mutations occur randomly and naturally within an organism's genetic material, while induced mutations result from exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.
• There are two types of mutations: spontaneous (natural) and induced (artificial).
• Genetic variation refers to differences between individuals or populations in their inherited characteristics, such as height, eye color, or susceptibility to certain diseases.
• The genome is the complete set of genetic material found within an organism.
• Mutations are changes to an organism's genetic material that occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to certain environmental factors.
• A point mutation is a type of mutation where one base pair is substituted with another.