RS 478 Exam 3

• what are the mechanisms for breaking seed dormancy?

  heat, cold, smoke, and acid
• direct seeding is the most common and cost effective approach for plant introduction to restoration sites
• what is the optimum depth to plant seeds?

  twice the seed diameter
• when should you seed?

  immediately prior to the period of greatest moisture availability
• when are higher seeding rates appropriate?

  when broadcast seeding
• drill seeding is better than broadcast seeding because it plants at the correct depth
• what is the expected field emergence of a grass with a germination rate of 90%?

  50%
• what is the maximum amount of noxious weed seed allowed when buying seed for a project?

  0
• What is the PLS formula?

  PLS = (%Germ x %Purity) / 100
• what is not one of the common seed acquisition methods from Smith (2017)?

  laboratory created seed production
• which non-traditional seed production strategies increase genetic diversity?

  generation control, vigor bias, full spectrum harvest, seed cleaning
• when determining the seeding rates for species in a restoration mix, its better to use more forbs and less grasses because of the competitive interactions
• what is the primary focus of regional native seed cooperatives?

  improving the availability of genetically appropriate native seed
• what should seeding rates be calculated from?

  expected field emergence and the desired number of plants per unit area
• erosion control fabrics with plastic netting take a long time to degrade and can kill animals
• what are the 4 problems with erosion control mats?

  difficulty installing them on slopes, precluding plant growth, non-biodegradable, installation errors
• 4 benefits of mulch

  reduces erosion, facilitates infiltration, reduces evaporation, moderates temperature
• are straw and hay the same?

  yes
• what does mulch not do?

  lower the water table
• when using fabrics or mats, one must take care to prevent water from flowing beneath the mats
• increased fuel load is NOT a benefit of mulch
• gravel mulch is the least subject to wind displacement
• mulch in semiarid environments might absorb rainwater before it reaches the ground
• when should you calibrate your rangeland seed drill?

  day before seeding
• What is the advantage of using de-bearded and de-awned seed in a seed drill?

  It allows you to use the cool season box which meters seed better than the “fluffy seed” box
• Why shouldn’t large seed be loaded into the small seed box of the seed drill?


  The drill won’t meter out enough seed
• To boost the bulk of clean seed (so it does not come out of the drill too fast), what type of material should you combine with the seed?

  an inert carrier material
• With a rangeland seed drill, seeds that still have awns, beards, and other appendages would be best planted using the?

  fluffy seed box
• What is the best way to sow extremely small seed such as sagebrush?

  add inert material to increase bulk
• why is adding weight to the disk arms of a seed drill important?

  help the disk dig, maintain ground contact, reduce bouncing
• where is it ideal to use seed drills?

  abandoned farm fields or rangelands
• leaf cuttings in woody plant propagation are?

  of little value
• what is bottom heat?

  Heat applied to the below-soil portion of cuttings to promote rooting
• what types of cuttings can be used to propagate plants for restoration?

  leaf and root
• what are the 4 types of herbaceous plant propagation?

  stem, leaf, mid rib, and leaf petiole cutting
• When collecting cuttings from plants to be used for propagation, the cuttings should be?

  kept cool and moist
• When is the best time to collect hardwood cuttings?

  in the cold, dormant season
• Propagating trees and shrubs using live cuttings is most effective for?

  riparian species like cottonwood and willow
• when are root cuttings best collected?


  dormant season
• what is a plant grown from vegetative propagation?

  a clone