Introduction to SZ

• Diagnosis and Classification


  - diagnosis - identifying clusters of symptoms

  - classification - ICD-11 and DSM-5

  - DSM-5 - one positive symptom

  - ICD-11 - two negative symptoms
• Positive Symptoms


  - additional

  - hallucinations - sensory experiences, voices heard, often critical, act on senses, distorted facial expression, or people that aren't there

  - delusions - paranoia, irrational beliefs, being a historian figure, political or religious, delusions of persecution, delusions of the body, believing they are under external control.
• Negative Symptoms


  - loss

  - speech poverty - changes in amount and quality of speech, delay in verbal responses, disorganised speech, incoherent, changing topic

  - abolition - apathy, difficult to maintain goal orientated activity, lack of motivation

  - Andreasen (1982) - three signs of avolition: poor hygiene, lack of persistence in work/education, lack of energy