ap quiz

• Mohandas Gandhi


  Leader who kindled the spirit of nationalism among the Indians
• Mustafa Kemal


  Leader who started the nationalistic movements in West Asia
• Because of the imperialistic urge of the European powers, they ended competing for colonies that ultimately led to World War I in June 28, 1914
• In 1914, European dominated Asia was not actually involved in the war. However, Asians took this event as an advantage on their part
• It was at this point and time when nationalist movements intensified and rose against the Europeans
• It was the learned Indians who were able to attend British schools who spread the nationalistic views and ideals of the Europeans to India
• Nationalistic groups organized in India

  • Indian National Congress or Congress party of the Hindus (organized in 1885)
  • Muslim league (organized in 1906)
• In spite of the groups differences in religious beliefs, they shared a common aspiration
• At the start of World War I, millions of Indians were encouraged by the British to enlist in the British army with the promise of gradual self-governance or Swaraj
• The Indians in turn, expected to make gains once the war was over
• To demonstrate their disobedience and fierce protest against the Rowlatt Act, the Indians, Hindus, and Muslims alike gathered in Amritsar (capital of Punjab) in 1919
• General Reginald Dyer, the British commander at Amritsar, ordered the shooting on the crowd which lasted for ten minutes causing the death of 400 and wounding of 1,200 Indians
• This incident ignited the anger of Indians transforming them from being that of loyal subjects into radical nationalists
• Satyagraha


  Civil obedience or a process of refusing to obey an impartial law
• Gandhi's principles


  • Being of service to others is a noble value
  • Religious toleration is the key to peaceful living
  • Live simply without seeking material rewards
  • Adherence to non-violence in fighting injustices
• Gandhi's adherence to his principles earned him the name Mahatma which mean "Great Soul"
• Gandhi rallied his followers to make their own salt in protest against the British SALT Act in 1930
• Kemalism


  Reforms by Mustafa Kemal for a modernized and secular republic in Turkey
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the first president of the Republic of Turkey established in 1923
• Pan-Arabism


  Ideological and political Arab nationalism with the goal of getting rid of colonial powers and uniting to gain independence
• The League of Arab States, established in 1945, was ineffective in unifying the Arabs
• The Pan-Arabist Movement (Ba'th or renaissance) replaced the League of Arab States in 1950
• The Pan-Arabist movement together with the regime led by Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt moved their way against the Israelites, but suffered a desperate defeat in the 1967 war
• Zionism


  Nationalistic ideal that helped mold the history and culture of West Asia, with the goal of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine
• Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian Jew, popularized the idea of Zionism and organized the World Zionist Organization
• With the help of the World Zionist Organization, Zionist organizations initiated immigration of millions of Jews to Palestine and established their own government system called the Jewish Agency
• As the Jews migrated to Palestine, they started purchasing lands from the Palestinians who later realized the planned Jewish community on Arab land
• The Zionists conflict with the Arabs urged plans for a separate and independent Jewish state on Palestinian land, which was realized in 1948 when David Ben-Gurion declared Israel to be an independent Jewish state
• Confucianism emphasizes respect for authority, loyalty, filial piety (respect for parents), and social harmony.