original

• Environmental Degradation

  Efficiency- finding the quickest way of producing large amounts of particular products
• Free trade


  Associated with environmental damage through its emphasis on the expansion of manufacturing
• Food Security


  Delivering sufficient food to the entire world population
• Industrial fishing


  • Contributed to a significant destruction of marine life and ecosystems
• Factors affecting food security

  • Population growth
  • Climate change
  • Water scarcity
  • Agriculture
• POP

  Persistent organic pollutant
• SDG

  Sustainable development goals
• NVA

  New vision for agriculture
• Economic Globalization


  Result of companies trying to outmaneuver their competitors
• Multiplier effect


  An increase in one economic activity can lead to an increase in other economic activities
• Microcredit


  Allows people to improve their lives by participating in the economy
• Main types of inequality

  • Wealth inequality
  • Income inequality
• Wealth


  Refers to the net worth of the country
• GDP

  Measures the total output of a country
• Wealth inequality


  Speaks about distribution of assets
• Income


  The new earnings that are constantly being added to the country's wealth
• Branko Milanovic


  An economist who specializes in global inequality, explained "economic big bang"
• Economic big bang


  The industrial revolution caused the differences among countries
• Richard freeman: 'The triumph of globalization and market capitalism has improved living standards for billions while concentrating billions among the few'
• Income Inequality


  New earnings are being distributed
• First World


  Western capitalist countries
• Second World

  Soviet Union and its allies
• Third World

  Everyone else
• GNI

  Gross national income, measured as GDP per capita
• Global North and Global South


  A way for countries in the south to make a stand about the common issues
• Modernization theory


  Frames global stratification as a function of technological and cultural differences between nations
• Columbian Exchange


  Refers to the spread of goods, technology, education and diseases
• Walt Rostrow's 4 Stages of Modernization

  • Traditional stage
  • Take-off stage
  • Technological maturity
  • High mass assumption
• Dependency theory


  Developed by Hans Singer and Raul Prebrich in 1950s, points to the capitalist market system as the sole cause of stratification
• Types of countries

  • Core (high-income)
  • Periphery (low-income)
  • Semi-periphery (middle-income)
• NAFTA

  North American Free Trade Agreement
• Industrial technology was very productive that it gradually began to improve standards of living for everyone
• Modernization theory rests on the idea that affluence could be attained by anyone
• Barrionuevo (2007): 'The use of ethanol as an alternative to gasoline has an attendant set of problems'
• Food Security


  The demand for food will be 60% greater than
• Global Food Security


  Delivering sufficient food to the entire world population
• Breene (2005): 'Cited the case of India to show how complex the issue of food security'
• Immanuel Wallerstein


  An American sociologist, model of what he called the capitalist world economy
• Wallerstein


  Described high income nation's as the "core" of the world economy
• Periphery


  Whose natural resources and labor support the wealthier countries