GEC 5 (MIDTERM)

• Language - has a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). it shapes are social interactions and brings order to our lives.
• Speech Community - is a term used described by group of people who share the same language, speech characteristics, and ways of interpreting communication.
• Hymes (1986) - describes a speech community as a group which share rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech.
• Gumperz (1986) - defines a speech community as a group that has regular and frequent interaction that is characterized by shared patterns of interaction and communication.
• Lyons (1970) - define it as "all people who use given language or dialect". This definition was rather simple and general with the focus on a given language or dialect.
• Fishman (1971) - a speech community is a subtype of community "all of whose members share at least a single speech variety and the norms for its appropriate use".
• a number of criteria for identifying a speech community includes:

  1. Shared language use
  2. Frequency of interaction by a group of people
  3. Shared rules of speaking and interpretation of speech performance
  4. Shared attitudes and values regarding language forms and use
  5. shared socio-cultural understanding and presuppositions with regard to speech
• Language Acquisition - the process of acquiring the language used by those in the community.
• Mother Tongue - the language acquired while growing up, which may also be referred to as first language.
• Second Languages - other languages are needed for various reasons.
• Language Learning - the process of people in learning their second language in school or on their own.
• Language Contact - accurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influences other.
• Language Change - is variation over time in a language's features.
• Communication - the process of meaning-making through a channel or a medium. It comes from a latin communicares, meaning the share or to make ideas common.
• Source - the sender carefully crops the message. The sender maybe anyone: an author of a book, a public speaker in a special occasion or even a traffic enforcer.
• Message - the message is a reason behind any interaction. It is the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver.
• Channel - is the means by which the message is conveyed.
• Receiver - is the person receives the transmitted message.
• Feedback - in any communication scenario, a feedback is essential to confirm recipient understanding.
• Environment - the place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset and the condition of both sender and receiver.
• Context - involves the expectations of the sender and the receiver and the common or shared understanding through the environment signals.
• Interference - also known as barrier or block that presents effective communication to takes place.
• Kinds of Interference

  1. Psychological Barriers
  2. Physical Barriers
  3. Linguistics and Cultural Barriers
  4. Mechanical Barriers
• Psychological barrier - our thoughts that hamper the message to be interpreted correctly by the receiver.
• Physical barrier - include competing stimulus, weather and climate, health and ignorance of the medium.
• Linguistic and Cultural barrier - pertain to the language and its cultural environment. Words may mean another in different cultures.
• Mechanical barrier - are those raised by the channels employed for interpersonal, group or mass communication. These include cell phones, laptops and other gadgets used in communication.
• Types of Communication

  1. Verbal Communication
  2. Non-Verbal Communication
• Verbal Communication - includes the use of symbols that have universal meanings and can be classified as spoken written.
• Types of Verbal Communication

  1. Intrapersonal Communication
  2. Interpersonal Communication
  3. Public Communication
  4. Mass Communication
• Intrapersonal Communication - is communication expressed through self talk. This involves personal and emotions. Feedback goes back to you.
• Interpersonal Communication - is communication between two people (dyadic) for a small group of individuals (also known as a small group discussion). This type of communication allows speakers to discuss topics that interest them or they may share a common bond with each other.
• Public Communication - is one person speaking in front of an audience. The magnitude of size may be limited or numerous. The speaker delivers the message in a formal setting, giving a topic that is thematic. Feedback from the audience may be available or not.

  Purpose:

  to entertain, to inform, to persuade
• Mass Communication - is communication that takes place through a technology such as the social network/internet, television, radio and newspaper. Through these channels of communication, the messages replicated many times, resulting to a multiplier effect to the receivers.

  Example:

  New Media

  Old Media
• Non-Verbal Communication - consists of gestures, eye movement, tone of voice, the use of space and touch. Because these nonverbal cues are not shared universally, they may give a different meaning to another culture and thus, considered as ambiguous.
• Types Of Non-Verbal Communication

  1. Silence
  2. Body Language (Gesture)
  3. Facial Expressions
  4. Paralanguage or Use of Voice
  5. Touch
  6. Space and Distance
  7. Clothes and Personal Appearance
  8. Symbols
• Silence - conveys meanings to the spectators that can be seen in a person who is quiet yet busy, a person who is contemplating, grieving, not to be disturbed or being in a difficult situation. in a conversation between two individualsz a silent reply may signify the receiver does not understand or may refers to answer all.
• Body Language (Gesture) - is employed in two ways unconscious movement to tell the state of emotion of the person is undergoing, such as walking around, biting the fingernails for being nervous or other activities does unconsciously. On the other hand, conscious movements entails individuals to render the designated action such as saluting to the national flag, or appropriate actions to be rendered for specific activities.
• Facial Expression - is manifested to evoke certain emotions such as happy, joyful, sad, frustration, and many other facial movements.
• Paralanguage or Use of Voice - is detected in loud or faint sounds to provide authority or emphasis to the volume of the words.