Chem Solutions

• Solution is a homogenous mixture
• Tyndall Effect

  light scattering by particles in a colloid such as a very fine suspension
• Tyndall Effect

  • light changes trajectory
  • separation of water molecules- breaking sum IMF
  • separate ionic compounds- breaking Coulombic force
  • After associate water with each ions - favorable
• Nature

  • like dissolve like
  • based on polarity
  • polar solvent will dissolve polar molecule - ionic compound
  • non polar will dissolve non polar molecule
• If you only have C and H - non polar

  • ex: C6H6 - not mix in water but in oil
• Homogenous Solution

  • colloid and suspension
• Solution = solvent + solute
• Solubilty factors

  1. nature - polarity
  2. temp
  3. agritation - mixing
  4. surface area - soild
  5. pressure - gass
• Solubility Curve

  • on line - saturated
  • above line - supersaturated
  • below line - unsaturated
• Quantifying solubility concentration

  comparison between the amount of solute and the amount of solvent in the solution
• Concentration : amount of solute in solvent
• Mole fraction = n solute/ n total = X solute
• [CL-] = MCl-
• Solution Preparation

  1. find mass
  2. insert solid in _(#volume) volumetric flask
  3. add water and stir to dissolve - not till line yet
  4. fill water till line
• Dilution: The process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding a solvent.
• Dilution - M1V1 = M2V2
• Properties of solution: higher # particles

  1. Vapor pressure - lowering
  2. boiling point - elevation
  3. freezing point - depression
• the effect of solute increases with the # of particles
• Suspension: a homo mixture containing particles that settle down if left undisturbed ex muddy water
• Colloids: HM of intermediate sized particles (1nm-1000nm) that do not settle out (MILK). Test positive for the Tyndall Effect because their particles are big enough that they scatter light.
• Soil Solution - alloys - mixture of metals
• Liquid Solution - rubbing alcohal
• Gas solution - air
• Aqueous solution - water with another substance
• solute is smaller than solvent
• soluble: (of a substance) able to be dissolved, especially in water
• Insoluble: Not soluble in water, not soluble in alcohol, not soluble in ether
• Miscible: liquids that can be mixed without forming a new liquid.
• Immisicible: A substance that cannot be dissolved in water.
• Solubility: ability to dissolve in solvent
• the more solute dissolves - the higher the solubility
• Solute : solid

  1. up temp - up solubility
  2. up stirring - up solubility
  3. up surface area - up solubility
• Solute: Gas

  1. up temp - down solubility
  2. up stirring - down solubility
  3. up pressure - up solubility
• Saturated: max amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at given temp
• Unsaturated: solvent can dissolve solute at given temp
• Supersaturated: unstable solution - contains more solute than it can handle at given temp
• Ionic compounds always soluble in water

  • Acetate (C2H3O2-)
  • Ammonium (NH4+)
  • Nitrate (NO3-)
  • Group 1 (Na+, K+...)
• Homogeneous


  Colloid, suspension
• Suspension


  Settles in time
• Colloid


  Tyndall effect → light is scattered