Respiratory System (Midterms)

• Cells

  • use oxygen for metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules and produce ATP
• ATP

  • adenosine triphosphate
  • source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
• Acidity

  • excessive amount of carbon dioxide
• Two Systems (Supply O2 and Eliminate CO2)

  1. Cardiovascular - transports gases in the blood between the lungs and body cells
  2. Respiratory - provides for gas exchange, intake of O2 and elimination of CO2
• Effects on Body When System Fails:

  • disruption of homeostasis
  • rapid cell death from oxygen starvation
• Respiratory System

  • contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds, and helps eliminate waste
• 7-7.4

  • normal pH balance
• Cyanosis

  • bluish discoloration of skin
• Respiration

  • exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and cells
• Three Steps in Respiration

  1. Pulmonary Ventilation - inspiration and expiration of air between atmosphere and lungs
  2. External (Pulmonary) Respiration - exchange of gas between lung spaces
  3. Internal (Tissue) Respiration - exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
• Upper Respiratory System

  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx (throat)
• Lower Respiratory System

  1. Larynx (voice box)
  2. Trachea (wind pipe)
  3. Bronchi
  4. Lungs
• Mouth

  • buccal cavity
• Trachea

  • radiolucent in radiograph (black)
• Carina

  • bifurcation of left and right bronchus
• Clavicle

  • apical part of lungs
• Apex

  • has a lot of oxygen, where PTB is seen
• Intercostal space

  • space between ribs
• Thoracic cage

  • protects organs in chest area
• Functionality

  • physiology
• Two Portions of Respiratory System

  1. Conducting - interconnecting cavities and tubes that conduct air into the lungs
  2. Respiratory - where exchange of gases occurs
• Arteries

  • oxygenated (red)
• Veins

  • deoxygenated (blue)
• Nose: Surface Anatomy

  1. Root - external surface at forehead between the eyes
  2. Apex - tip of nose (cartilage)
  3. Dorsum nasi - rounded anterior border
  4. External naris - external opening into the nose
  5. Bridge - superior portion of dorsum nasi
• Meningitis

  • inflammation of protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
• Nose: Internal Surface

  1. Nostrils (nares) - opening of nose where air enters
  2. Nasal cavities - two spaces between the roof of mouth and cranium
  3. Nasal septum - partition of spaces
  4. Conchae - three projections on each nasal cavity
• Ethmoid bone

  • superior portion
• Vomer

  • inferior portion
• Hyaline cartilage

  • anterior extension of septum
• Mucous membrane

  • covering of septum and walls of nasal cavity
  • contains many blood vessels that deliver heat and moisture
• Foreign bodies

  • dust particles and pathogens - filtered out by the hairs of nostrils
• Air

  • warmed by blood in well-vascularized mucous membrane
  • moistened by liquid secretion
• Maxillary sinus

  • largest sinus found on facial
• 1 quart each day

  • secreted by mucous membrane
• Sphenoid sinus

  • under sella turcica
• Pharyngography

  • radiographic exam of the pharynx
• Pharynx

  • carries air into the respiratory tract and carries foods and liquids into the digestive system
• Nasogastric Tube (NGT)

  • used to insert dye in the nose
• Parts of Pharynx

  1. Nasopharynx - behind nasal cavity (superior)
  2. Oropharynx - middle section (posterior to mouth)
  3. Laryngeal pharynx - most inferior
• Gunson method

  • method of using a dark shoe string and tying in around the thyroid cartilage, which will cause movement of larynx and help tech know when to take picture