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• The 1987 Constitution Article XIV Sections 1-5(5) outlines the legal bases of the Philippine education system
• Key provisions of the 1987 Constitution Article XIV Sections 1-5(5)


  • Section 1: The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all
  • Section 2: The State shall establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society; establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels; establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged; encourage non-formal, informal and indigenous learning system, as well as self-learning, independent and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs; and provide adult citizens, the disabled and out-of-school youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency and other skills
  • Section 3: All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula; they shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge and promote vocational efficiency; at the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in the public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without additional cost to the Government
  • Section 4: The state recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all educational institutions; educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission boards, shall be allowed solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens; the control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of the Philippines; no educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one third of the enrolment in any school; all revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used actually, directly and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties; proprietary educational institutions, including those cooperatively owned, may likewise be entitled to such exemptions subject to the limitations provided by law including restrictions on dividends and provisions for reinvestment; all grants endowments, donations or contributions used actually, directly and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from tax
  • Section 5: The State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of educational policies and programs; academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning; every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable and equitable admission and academic requirements; the State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement; non-teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State; the State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfilment
• Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 (The Education Act of 1982) provided for the establishment and maintenance of an integrated system of education
• National development goals as provided by Batas Pambansa Blg. 232


  • To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social progress
  • To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and enjoyment of the benefits of such growth
  • To achieve and strengthen national unity and consciousness and preserve, develop and promote desirable cultural, moral and spiritual values in a changing world
• Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 states that the State shall promote the right of every individual to relevant quality education, regardless of sex, age, creed socio-economic status, physical and mental conditions, racial or ethnic origin, political or other affiliation
• Rights of students in school as provided by Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 Section 9


  • The right to receive competent instruction relevant to quality education
  • The right to freely choose their field of study subject to the existing curricula and continue their course up to graduation, except in cases of academic deficiency or violations of disciplinary regulations
  • The right to school guidance and counselling services
  • The right to access to his own school records and the confidentiality of it
  • The right to the issuance of official certificates, diplomas, transcript of records, grades, transfer credentials and other similar documents within thirty days from request
  • The right to publish a student newspaper and invite resource persons during symposia, assemblies and other activities
  • The right to free expression of opinions and suggestions and to effective channels of communication with appropriate academic and administrative bodies of the school or institutions
  • The right to form or establish, join and participate in organizations and societies recognized by the school ..., or to form, join and maintain organizations and societies for purposes not contrary to law
  • The right to be free from involuntary contributions except those approved by their - organizations and societies
• Rights of all school personnel as provided by Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 Section 10


  • Free expression of opinions and suggestions
  • To be provided with free legal service by the appropriate government office in case of public school personnel and the school authorities concerned in case of private school personnel, when charged in an administrative, civil and/or criminal proceedings, by parties other than the school authorities concerned, for actions committed directly in the lawful discharge of professional duties and/or in defense of school policies
  • Establish, join, maintain labor organization of their choice to promote their welfare and defend their interest
  • To be free from involuntary contributions except those imposed by their own organizations
• Special rights and/or privileges of teaching or academic staff as provided by Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 Section 11


  • Right to be free from compulsory assignment not related to their duties defined in their appointments or employment contracts unless compensated thereof
  • Right to intellectual property
  • Teachers are persons in authority when in lawful discharge of duties and responsibilities shall therefore be accorded due respect and protection
  • Teachers shall be given opportunity to choose career alternatives for advancements
• Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 Section 12 states that school administrators shall be deemed persons in authority while in the lawful discharge of their duties and responsibilities and shall be accorded due respect and protection
• Rights of schools as provided by Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 Section 13


  • The right of their governing boards.... to adopt and enforce administrative or management systems
  • The right of institutions of higher learning to determine on academic grounds who shall be admitted to study, who may teach, and who shall be the subjects of the study and research
• Provisions for maintenance of quality education in Batas Pambansa Blg. 232

  • Voluntary Accreditation (Section 29)
  • Teachers and Administrators obligations and qualification (Sections 16 and 17)
  • Government Financial Assistance to Private Schools (Section 41)
• Act No. 74 enacted in 1901 by the Philippine Commission provided for the establishment of the Department of Public Instruction, division of the archipelago into school divisions and districts, English as the medium of instruction, optional religious instruction, and establishment of trade, agriculture, and normal schools
• Act No. 2706 enacted in 1917 made obligatory the recognition and inspection of private schools and colleges by the Secretary of Public Instruction to maintain standards
• Commonwealth Act No. 180 passed in November 13 1936 vested the Secretary of Public Instruction with power to supervise, inspect and regulate private schools and colleges
• Commonwealth Act No. 1 known as "National Defense Act" passed in 1935 provided for preparatory military training beginning in elementary school
• Commonwealth Act No. 578 enacted in June 8, 1940 conferred the status of "persons in authority" upon teachers, professors, and persons charged with the supervision of public or private schools, colleges and universities
• Executive Order No. 27 issued in 1986 seeks to include courses or subjects on human rights in school curricula, textbooks, and other reading materials and in qualifying examinations on government service
• Executive Order No. 189 issued in 1987 placed all public secondary school teachers under the administrative supervision and control of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports
• Republic Act No. 1079 approved in 1959 provided that Civil Service eligibility shall be permanent and shall have no time limit
• Republic Act No. 1425 approved in 1956 prescribed the inclusion in the curricula of all schools, both public and private, from elementary schools to the universities, the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal especially the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
• Key provisions of Republic Act No. 4670 (Magna Carta for Public School Teachers)

  • Recruitment qualifications for teachers
  • Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers
  • Teaching hours - 6 hours of classroom teaching (maximum load)
  • Additional compensation - 25% of the regular remuneration
  • Health and injury benefits (thru the GSIS)
  • One year study leave (sabbatical leave) after seven years of continuous teaching, the teacher should receive 60% of the monthly salary
  • One range salary increase upon retirement (basis of computing the retirement fee)
  • Freedom to form organizations
• Republic Act No. 6655 (Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988) provided for free public secondary education and prohibited the collection of tuition or other fees except those related to school community membership
• Qualifications for teachers

  • Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers
  • Teaching hours - 6 hours of classroom teaching (maximum load)
  • Additional compensation - 25% of the regular remuneration
  • Health and injury benefits (thru the GSIS)
  • One year study leave (sabbatical leave) after seven years of continuous teaching, the teacher should receive 60% of the monthly salary
  • One range salary increase upon retirement (basis of computing the retirement fee)
  • Freedom to form organizations
• Republic Act No. 6655 (Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988)


  Provided for free public secondary education to all qualified citizens and promoted quality education at all levels
• Provisions of Republic Act No. 6655


  • No tuition or other fees shall be collected except fees related to membership in the school community such as I.D., student organization and publication
  • Non-payment of these shall not hinder a student from enrollment or graduation
  • Nationalization of all public secondary schools
  • A student who fails in majority of his academic subjects for two consecutive years could no longer avail of their program
• Republic Act No. 6728 (Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education)


  Provided for tuition fee supplement for students in private high schools, vocational and technical courses whose schools charge less than 1,500 pesos tuition fee, high school textbooks assistance fund, expansion of Educational Service Contracting Scheme (ESC), voucher system of the Private Education Student-Financial Assistance Program (PESFA), scholarship grants to graduating valedictorians and salutatorians, tuition fee supplements to students in private colleges and universities, Educational Loan Fund, College Faculty Development Fund
• Republic Act No. 7079 (Campus Journalism Act of 1991)


  Provided for the promotion and protection of press freedom in the campus by providing for the establishment and maintenance of a student publication in all levels of education in both public and private schools, and mandated the DECS to sponsor periodic competitions, press conferences and training seminars in which student editors/writers and teacher advisers of student publications shall participate
• Republic Act No. 7104 (Commission on the Filipino Language Act)


  Declared a policy of the Government to ensure and promote the evolution, development, and further enrichment of Filipino as the national language of the Philippines, on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages
• Composition of the Commission on the Filipino Language

  • 11 commissioners, one of whom shall serve as Chairman, representing the major Philippine languages, the Northern Cultural Communities, the Southern Cultural Communities, and other Philippine languages or ethnolinguistic regions, with at least 4 commissioners representing various disciplines
• Appointment and Qualifications of Commissioners

  Appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, from the list of nominees submitted by the different ethnolinguistic regions, must be a natural-born Filipino citizen, at least 30 years old, morally upright and noted for expertise in linguistics, culture and language of the ethnolinguistic region, and the discipline represented
• Term of Office of Commissioners

  Chairman and 2 full-time commissioners serve 7 years, 4 commissioners serve 5 years, 4 commissioners serve 3 years, can be reappointed for 1 term
• Organizational Structure of the Commission


  Determined by the Commission, with technical personnel exempt from rules and regulations of the Office of Compensation and/or eligibility requirements of the Civil Service Commission
• Director General


  Appointed by the Commission for a 7 year term, can be reappointed for 1 term, Commission determines powers, functions, duties and compensation
• Republic Act No. 7356 (Law Creating the National Commission for Culture and the Arts)


  Established the National Commission for Culture and Arts to formulate policies for the development of culture and arts, implement these policies, administer the National Endowment Fund for Culture and Arts, encourage artistic creation, develop and promote the Filipino national culture and arts, and preserve Filipino cultural heritage
• Composition of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts


  • Undersecretary of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports
  • Undersecretary of the Department of Tourism
  • Chairman of the House Committee on Culture
  • Chairman of the Senate Committee on Culture
  • President of the Cultural Center of the Philippines
  • Executive Director of the National Historical Institute
  • Director of the National Museum
  • Director of the National Library
  • Director of the Institute of Philippine Languages
  • Director of the Records Management and Archives Office
  • Executive Director of the Commission
  • Head of the Subcommission on Cultural Communities and Traditional Arts
  • 3 representatives from the private sector elected heads of the Subcommission on Cultural Heritage, Subcommission on the Arts, and Subcommission on Cultural Dissemination
• National Cultural Agencies


  Coordinate with the Commission, including the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Institute of Philippine Languages, National Historical Institute, National Library, National Museum, Records Management and Archives Office, serve as national repository and/or showcase of the best of Philippine culture and arts
• Republic Act No. 7610 (Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act)


  Provides special protection to children from all forms of abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation and discrimination, including child labor and its worst forms, and carries out a program for prevention, deterrence and crisis intervention in situations of child abuse, exploitation and discrimination
• Children


  Persons below 18 years of age or those over but unable to fully take care of or protect themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination due to physical or mental disability or condition
• Policy of the State on Children

  Provide special protection to children, intervene on behalf of the child when parent/guardian/teacher fails to protect, protect and rehabilitate children gravely threatened or endangered, best interests of children shall be paramount consideration
• Child Abuse

  Maltreatment, whether habitual or not, including psychological and physical abuse, neglect, cruelty, sexual abuse, emotional maltreatment, acts debasing the child's worth and dignity, unreasonable deprivation of basic needs, failure to provide immediate medical treatment