Health&disease

    Cards (58)

    • Health
      A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
    • Being healthy is about more than just not being sick
    • Communicable diseases
      • Diseases that can be spread between individuals
    • Non-communicable diseases
      • Diseases that can't be transmitted between individuals
    • How viruses reproduce
      1. Virus attaches to host cell
      2. Injects genetic material into cell
      3. Viral components assembled
      4. Host cell splits open, releasing new viruses
    • Lytic pathway
      Viral genetic material leaves the host cell genome and enters the lytic pathway to produce new viruses
    • Lysogenic pathway
      Viral genetic material is incorporated into the host cell DNA and remains dormant until triggered
    • STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections)

      • Infections spread through sexual contact
      • Can cause infertility
      • Can be prevented by using condoms
    • HIV
      Human Immunodeficiency Virus that kills immune cells and leads to AIDS
    • Plant physical defences
      • Waxy cuticle
      • Cell walls
      • Prevent water collection
    • Plant chemical defences

      • Produce chemicals to deter pests and pathogens
      • Some chemicals can be used as drugs
    • Detecting plant diseases
      1. Observe symptoms
      2. Analyse distribution of infected plants
      3. Lab testing for pathogens using antibodies or DNA
    • Physical and chemical barriers in the human body
      • Skin, mucus, stomach acid, lysozyme in tears
      • Stop pathogens entering the body
    • Specific immune response
      1. lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to a pathogen's antigens
    • Memory lymphocytes
      Remain in the body and allow a faster, stronger immune response to future infections
    • Immunisation
      1. Inject dead or inactivated pathogens
      2. Triggers antibody production and memory lymphocytes
      3. Provides immunity to future infections
    • Immunisation can prevent disease outbreaks through herd immunity
    • Pros and cons of immunisation
      • Prevents disease outbreaks
      • Some people cannot be immunised
    • Immunisation
      Process that helps prevent you from getting infections
    • Immunisation
      • Involves injecting dead or inactivated pathogens into the body
      • These are antigenic (they carry molecules that the immune system can recognise)
      • Your body produces antibodies to help destroy them
    • Memory lymphocytes
      Cells that are triggered by the vaccine and can quickly attack the same pathogens if they try to infect the body later
    • Immunisation of a large percentage of the population
      Can prevent outbreaks of diseases (epidemics)
    • Significant number of people not being immunised
      Allows diseases to spread quickly through them
    • Some diseases, e.g. smallpox, have been virtually wiped out by immunisation programmes
    • Pros and Cons of Immunisation

      • Pros: Prevents outbreaks, provides immunity
      • Cons: Can have bad reactions, doesn't always work
    • Monoclonal antibodies
      Identical antibodies produced by clones of a single B-lymphocyte
    • How monoclonal antibodies are produced
      1. Take a mouse B-lymphocyte and fuse it with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma
      2. Hybridomas can be cloned to produce large quantities of identical antibodies
    • Monoclonal antibodies
      • Can be engineered to bind to any specific antigen
      • Useful for targeting specific cells or chemicals in the body
    • Uses of monoclonal antibodies
      • Pregnancy tests
      • Diagnosing cancer
      • Targeting cancer cells with drugs
    • Antibiotics
      Drugs that work by targeting and disrupting processes in bacterial cells, without harming human cells
    • Stages in developing new drugs
      1. Discovery of potential drug
      2. Preclinical testing on cells and animals
      3. Clinical testing on healthy volunteers and patients
    • When a drug has passed all tests, it still needs to be approved for use
    • Aseptic techniques

      Procedures used to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms when working with bacteria in the lab
    • Effective antibiotics will create a larger inhibition zone around the paper disc on an agar plate
    • Inhibition zone
      The larger the inhibition zone around a disc, the more bacteria killed and the more effective the antibiotic is against the bacteria
    • Aseptic techniques
      1. Sterilise Petri dishes and growth medium
      2. Sterilise inoculating loop by passing through hot flame
      3. Keep liquid bacterial cultures in a culture vial with a lid
      4. Cover Petri dish with lid and lightly tape
      5. Store Petri dish upside down
    • Unwanted microbial contamination will affect results and can potentially result in the growth of pathogens
    • Autoclave
      Machine that uses steam at high pressure and temperature to kill microorganisms
    • The larger the bacteria, the larger the inhibition zone will be
    • Calculating inhibition zone area
      1. Divide diameter by 2 to get radius
      2. Use equation area = πr^2 to calculate area
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