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Cards (58)
Health
A state of complete
physical
, mental and
social
well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Being
healthy
is about more than just not being
sick
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Communicable diseases
Diseases that can be
spread
between
individuals
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Non-communicable diseases
Diseases that can't be
transmitted
between individuals
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How viruses reproduce
1.
Virus
attaches to
host
cell
2.
Injects genetic material
into cell
3. Viral
components
assembled
4. Host cell
splits open
, releasing new
viruses
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Lytic pathway
Viral genetic material leaves the host cell genome and enters the
lytic pathway
to produce new
viruses
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Lysogenic pathway
Viral genetic material is incorporated into the host cell
DNA
and remains
dormant
until triggered
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STIs (
Sexually Transmitted Infections
)
Infections spread through
sexual contact
Can cause
infertility
Can be prevented by using
condoms
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HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus that kills
immune
cells and leads to
AIDS
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Plant physical defences
Waxy
cuticle
Cell walls
Prevent
water
collection
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Plant
chemical
defences
Produce
chemicals
to deter
pests
and pathogens
Some chemicals can be used as
drugs
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Detecting plant diseases
1. Observe
symptoms
2. Analyse distribution of
infected
plants
3. Lab testing for pathogens using
antibodies
or
DNA
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Physical and chemical barriers in the human body
Skin,
mucus
,
stomach acid
, lysozyme in tears
Stop
pathogens
entering the body
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Specific immune response
lymphocytes
produce
antibodies
specific to a pathogen's antigens
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Memory lymphocytes
Remain in the body and allow a faster, stronger
immune
response to future
infections
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Immunisation
1. Inject
dead
or
inactivated
pathogens
2. Triggers antibody production and
memory
lymphocytes
3. Provides
immunity
to future infections
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Immunisation
can prevent disease outbreaks through
herd immunity
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Pros and cons of immunisation
Prevents disease
outbreaks
Some people cannot be
immunised
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Immunisation
Process that helps prevent you from getting
infections
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Immunisation
Involves injecting
dead
or
inactivated
pathogens into the body
These are
antigenic
(they carry molecules that the immune system can recognise)
Your body produces
antibodies
to help destroy them
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Memory lymphocytes
Cells that are triggered by the
vaccine
and can quickly attack the same pathogens if they try to infect the body later
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Immunisation of a large percentage of the population
Can prevent
outbreaks
of diseases (
epidemics
)
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Significant number of people not being
immunised
Allows
diseases
to spread
quickly
through them
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Some diseases, e.g. smallpox, have been virtually wiped out by
immunisation
programmes
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Pros and Cons of
Immunisation
Pros:
Prevents outbreaks
, provides
immunity
Cons: Can have
bad reactions
, doesn't always work
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Monoclonal antibodies
Identical antibodies produced by clones of a single
B-lymphocyte
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How monoclonal antibodies are produced
1. Take a mouse
B-lymphocyte
and fuse it with a
tumour cell
to create a hybridoma
2.
Hybridomas
can be cloned to produce large quantities of
identical antibodies
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Monoclonal antibodies
Can be engineered to bind to any specific
antigen
Useful for targeting specific
cells
or
chemicals
in the body
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Uses of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy tests
Diagnosing
cancer
Targeting
cancer cells with drugs
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Antibiotics
Drugs that work by targeting and disrupting processes in bacterial cells,
without
harming human cells
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Stages in developing new drugs
1.
Discovery
of potential drug
2.
Preclinical
testing on cells and animals
3.
Clinical
testing on healthy volunteers and patients
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When a drug has passed all
tests
, it still needs to be
approved
for use
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Aseptic
techniques
Procedures used to prevent
contamination
by unwanted microorganisms when working with
bacteria
in the lab
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Effective antibiotics will create a larger
inhibition zone
around the paper disc on an
agar plate
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Inhibition zone
The larger the
inhibition zone
around a disc, the more
bacteria
killed and the more effective the antibiotic is against the bacteria
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Aseptic techniques
1.
Sterilise
Petri dishes and
growth
medium
2. Sterilise
inoculating
loop by passing through
hot
flame
3. Keep liquid
bacterial
cultures in a culture vial with a
lid
4. Cover Petri dish with
lid
and lightly
tape
5. Store Petri dish
upside
down
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Unwanted
microbial contamination
will affect results and can potentially result in the
growth
of pathogens
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Autoclave
Machine that uses
steam
at high pressure and temperature to
kill
microorganisms
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The
larger
the bacteria, the
larger
the inhibition zone will be
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Calculating inhibition zone area
1. Divide
diameter
by
2
to get radius
2. Use
equation area = πr^
2
to calculate area
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