GS Men and Masculinity

• Masculinity - social, cultural, and historical construction of men dependent on and related to other factors like class, ethnicity, sexuality, age, and disability.
• Hegemonic Masculinity - form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a given setting.
• Protest Masculinity - form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a marginalized setting.
• Caring Masculinity - proposes that men are able to adopt what is viewed as traditionally feminine characteristics.
• Gender norms and behaviors are being taught rather than being learned naturally.
• Men make up a large majority executives of corporate top professionals, and holders of public office. Worldwide, men held 93% of cabinet- level posts in 1996 and most top positions in international agencies (Gierycz, 1999)
• The Myth of Male Power: Why are Men the Disposable Sex By: Warren Farell "Men are now gender victims as a result of feminism having gone too far, with men having increased responsibilities but few rights around issues of marriage, divorce, child custody, and access to children."
• Modern legislation is seen to be overprotective of women's interests.
• Multiple Masculinity •Different cultures and different periods of history, construct masculinity differently.
• Other countries think that no person can be a real man without having homosexual relationships.
• Hegemonic masculinity signifies a position of cultural authority and leadership but not total dominance as other forms of masculinity.
• Kimmel (1997), views hegemonic masculinity as "contains the image of 'man' in power, 'man' with power, and 'man' of power equate manhood with being strong, successful, capable, reliable, in control.
• manhood we have developed in our culture maintain the cover that some men have over other and that men have over women.
• Complicit masculinity are men who received the benefits of patriarchy without enacting a strong version of masculine dominance.
• Hierarchy of masculinities is an expression of the unequal shares of the privileges.
• Marginalized masculinity are the ways in which certain types of men are pushed to the edges or made to feel less important in society because they don't fit to the traditional ideas of what it means to be a man.
• Marginalized masculinity are the ways in which certain types of men are pushed to the edges or made to feel less important in society because they don't fit to the traditional ideas of what it means to be a man.
• Subordinate masculinity refers to the portrayal of masculinity as being inferior or subservient to a dominant form of masculinity within a particular social or cultural context.
• Collective Masculinities •Masculinities are also defined in the workplace and in informal groups like street gangs.
• Collective Masculinities

  It refers to the societal norms and expectations surrounding the behavior, attitudes, and roles typically associated with men within a particular culture or community.
• Masculinity contributes to suicidal behavior and depression (Moller- Leimkuhler 2003; Emslie et. al 2006)
• Hegemonic Masculinity

  It is an expression of privileges men collectively have over women.
• PROTEST MASCULINITY •The profile of protest masculinity includes force, violence, ferocity, low levels of tolerance for any delayed gratification, heavy drinking, crime, and related temperaments (Gwen, 1990). -High level of violent behavior
• Caring Masculinity •A masculine identity that rejects domination and its associated traits embrace values of care such as positive emotion, inter- dependence, and relationality.
• Toxic Masculinity Traits •Suppression of emotions/ making distress. •Maintaining an appearance of hardness. •Shows violence.