II

• Masculinity

  Social, cultural, and historical construction of men dependent on and related to other factors like class, ethnicity, sexuality, age, and disability
• Hegemonic Masculinity

  Form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a given setting
• Protest Masculinity

  Form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a marginalized setting
• Caring Masculinity

  Proposes that men are able to adopt what is viewed as traditionally feminine characteristics
• Gender norms and behaviors are being taught rather than being learned naturally
• A growing number of literature theorizing men and masculinities focuses on a variety of topics including men's violence, fatherhood, pornography, men's crime, female masculinity, male femininity, etc.
• Worldwide, men held 93% of cabinet- level posts in 1996 and most top positions in international agencies
• The Myth of Male Power: Why are Men the Disposable Sex

  Men are now gender victims as a result of feminism having gone too far, with men having increased responsibilities but few rights around issues of marriage, divorce, child custody, and access to children
• Modern legislation is seen to be overprotective of women's interests
• Attempts to accuse women and feminist for creating problems that men encounter in the society
• Multiple Masculinity

  • Different cultures and different periods of history, construct masculinity differently
  • Some regards violence as the ultimate test of masculinity
  • Other countries think that no person can be a real man without having homosexual relationships
  • The meaning of masculinity different cultural setting and class status
  • Masculinities cannot be delimited to a sole definition as various countries, cultures, and level in life view this concept differently
• Hierarchy and Hegemony

  • Hegemonic masculinity signifies a position of cultural authority and leadership but not total dominance as other forms of masculinity
  • Hegemonic masculinity embodies popular heroes, role models, and fictional characters
  • Complicit masculinity are men who received the benefits of patriarchy without enacting a strong version of masculine dominance
  • Male norms stress values like courage aggression, autonomy, mastery, technological skill, adventure, toughness in mind and body
  • Hierarchy of masculinities is an expression of the unequal shares of the privileges
  • Marginalized masculinity are the ways in which certain types of men are pushed to the edges or made to feel less important in society because they don't fit to the traditional ideas of what it means to be a man
  • Subordinate masculinity refers to the portrayal of masculinity as being inferior or subservient to a dominant form of masculinity within a particular social or cultural context
• Collective Masculinities

  • Masculinities are also defined in the workplace and in informal groups like street gangs
  • Masculinities also exist impersonally in culture. Examples: Video games, violent images of masculinity. In sports, aggressive kind of masculinity is created by its structure, pattern of competition, system of training, and hierarchy levels and rewards
  • It refers to the societal norms and expectations surrounding the behavior, attitudes, and roles typically associated with men within a particular culture or community
• Men are unlikely to talk about their worries and more likely to drink and engage in other destructive behaviors when stressed. Masculinity contributes to suicidal behavior and depression
• Evidence confirms that death and disability rates related to alcohol and substance abuse are considerably higher for men than for women
• The requirement of physical strength appears to be a nearly universal component of dominant masculinity
• The physical version of hegemony masculinity has been promoted by globalization via toys, films, and other goods
• Men are, on average, not increasing their role in household work and unpaid care
• Men are missing out in not engaging more in their domestic and family roles. It has been shown that being involved in the lives of their children brings psychological and health benefits to men
• Better-educated men are more likely to put more time into domestic roles and caregiving
• Protest Masculinity

  • The profile of protest masculinity includes force, violence, ferocity, low levels of tolerance for any delayed gratification, heavy drinking, crime, and related temperaments
  • High level of violent behavior
• Caring Masculinity

  A masculine identity that rejects domination and its associated traits embrace values of care such as positive emotion, inter- dependence, and relationality
• Toxic Masculinity Traits

  • Suppression of emotions/ making distress
  • Maintaining an appearance of hardness
  • Shows violence