Race

• Jones 1994- race, as defined by skin colour, is no more than a biological entity that is a nation, whose identity depends only on a brief shared history
• silverstein- race is a cultural category of difference that has been constructed as essential and natural
• racialisation- directs our focus to how groups of people come to be defined as a particular race and the process of this, which becomes important in the ways people are represented and the social resources allocated to people
• Garner 2017- race in biological terms matters as it determines resources.
• Hall- discursive- differences exist in the world, but what matters are the systems of thought and language we use to make sense of the differences
• Hall- the physical characteristics of colour, hair, and bone signify race in the everyday world. This is a visible difference. What fixes the difference is the genetic code. These things you can see are signifiers of things you cannot see, e.g. intelligence, morality, sexuality. You can read the body as a text, we inspect this text, the body. We are readers of race. We are readers of social difference. We invoke the body as if it were a transcendental signifier  
• ethnicity- arguably more about culture than body and appearance. self-ascribed, whereas race is seen as imposed. refers more to country of origin.
• Barth 1969- ethnicity collective body with common ancestry, that have memory of a historical past, or whose essence is represented by one or more symbolic features 
• Garner- ethnicity- they are fictions that we make real through practices and ideas. can be symbolic in the sense of language, food, but also can be political when it comes to defending and accessing resources. focus on similarities rather than differences within this group
• Bedau, Simring, cited in Vandiver 2006- strong connection between historical practice of lynching and present pattern of capital punishment in the US. AA astonishingly overrepresented on death row and in modern lethal executions 
• Zimring 2003- regional distribution of modern executions reflects the historic regional pattern of lynchings. The South had 88% of lynchings and 81% of executions