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• Nurse's responsibility


  Carry out medication orders from physician, know actions and indications of all medications administered, including safe dosage ranges, adverse reactions, monitoring parameters, and nursing implications
• How medication is administered

  Determines whether patient gains clinical benefit and whether they suffer any adverse effects
• Pharmacopeia


  A book containing a list of products used in medicine, with descriptions of the product, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions
• MIMS Drug Reference Book


  Used in SPH Pharmacology
• Pharmacology


  The study of the effect of drugs on living organisms
• Mechanism of Action


  The specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect, usually including mention of specific molecular targets to which the drugs bind
• Indication


  Something indicated as necessary or expedient, as in the administration of a drug, a reason to prescribe a medication or perform a treatment
• Pharmacotherapeutics


  The study of the use of drugs in treating disease, addressing the drugs' effect on the body and the body's response
• Systemic drug effect


  The drug affects the different body systems, administration of medication so that the entire body is affected
• Local drug effect


  The drug's effect is limited to the area of the body where it is administered, and generally does not affect tissues in other areas
• Therapeutic effect


  The desired, intended, and primary effect of the drug
• Pharmacy


  The art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs, the place where drugs are prepared and dispensed
• Polypharmacy


  The use of multiple medications by a patient, especially when too many forms of medication are used or when more drugs are prescribed than is clinically warranted
• Drugs


  Substances which act on the body and are used for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, do not have any definite form and dose
• Medicine


  Substances that have a definite form and dose, and are used for treatment
• Pharmaceutical drug


  Any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of diseases
• Sources of drugs

  • Natural sources (drugs derived from plants and animals)
  • Synthetics (drugs produced from starting materials not found in nature)
• OTC (Over-the-Counter) drugs


  May be available without special restrictions or prescription, legally safe for the layperson to use when taken according to directions
• POM (Prescription Only Medicine) drugs


  Must be prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner
• BTC (Behind-the-Counter) drugs


  Do not require a prescription, but must be kept in the dispensary, not visible to the public, and only be sold by a pharmacist or pharmacy technician
• Chemical name


  Describes the drug's molecular structure and identifies its chemical structure
• Generic name


  The drug's official name, the complete copy of the branded drugs
• Trade name (Brand name)


  Name given by the drug manufacturer, the first of its kind
• Pharmacokinetics


  The movement and modification of medication inside the body, what the body does to the medication and how it does it
• Absorption


  The process by which the drug passes into the bloodstream, the first step in the movement of drug into the body
• Distribution


  The transportation of drug from its site of absorption to its site of action, drugs are distributed most at vascularized organs
• Biotransformation


  The process by which a drug is converted to a less active form, the product of this process are called metabolites, the site is the liver
• Excretion


  The process by which metabolites and drugs are eliminated from the body, through the kidney, feces, breath, and perspiration
• Pharmacodynamics


  The mechanisms and effects of medications, what medication do and how
• Mechanism of action


  The specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect, usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds
• Types of drug effects

  • Local drug effect
  • Systemic drug effect
  • Therapeutic effect
• Kinds of therapeutic benefit

  • Palliative
  • Chemotherapeutic
  • Curative
  • Restorative
  • Supportive
  • Substitutive
• Side effects


  Effects that are not intended but are usually predictable, secondary effects
• Adverse effects


  Abnormal, harmful, or undesirable effects on an organism that cause anatomical or functional damage, irreversible physical changes, or increase susceptibility to other stresses, more severe side effects
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome


  A fatal form of erythema multiforme presenting with a flu-like prodrome, characterized by severe mucocutaneous lesions with pulmonary, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and renal involvement
• Toxicity


  The degree to which something is poisonous, a condition that results from exposure to a toxin or to toxic amounts of a substance that does not cause adverse effects in smaller amounts
• Idiosyncrasy


  An unexpected and unexplainable effect, a peculiar or individual reaction to a drug, food or other substance, also known as type B reactions, are drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably
• Hypersensitivity


  A state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance
• Drug toxicity


  Deleterious effects of a drug to an organism, resulting from overdosage, ingestion, or build-up of drug due to impaired excretion/metabolism
• Drug tolerance


  A state in which a person has an unusually low physiologic response to a drug and requires an increase in dosage to maintain the therapeutic effect