PMLS- LEC (LESSON 1)

• What is the two primary causes of accidents?

  Unsafe Activities and Unsafe environmental conditions
• Not wearing PPE

  Unsafe activites
• Recapping of needles

  Unsafe activites
• Wet floors

  Unsafe environmental conditions
• Disorderly workplace

  Unsafe environmental conditions
• Operating equipments without authority

  Unsafe environmental conditions
• Biological

  Infectious agents
• Sharps

  Needles, lancets, broken glass
• Chemical

  Preservatives and reagents
• Radioactive

  Equipment and radioisotopes
• Electrical

  Ungrounded or wet equipment, frayed cords
• Fire/ explosive

  Bunsen burners, organic chemicals
• Physical

  Wet floors, heavy boxes, patients
• refers to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans

  Biological Hazard
• healthcare facilities developed procedures to control and monitor infections occurring within the facilities.

  Infection control
• consist of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses

  Infectious agents
• A type of Reservoir

  Fomites
• is the location of potentially harmful microorganisms, such as a contaminated clinical specimen or an infected patient. It is the place where the infectious agent can live and possible multiply.

  Reservoir
• these are equipment and other soiled inanimate objects will serve as reservoirs, particularly if they contain blood, urine, or other body fluids.

  Fomites
• Infectious agent must have a way to exit the reservoir to continue the chain of infection. This can be through the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and eyes, and in blood or other body fluids.

  Portal of Exit
• Direct of contact, airborne, droplet, vehicle and vector

  Means of transmission
• the unprotected host touches the patient, specimen, or a contaminated object

  Direct Contact
• inhalation of dried aerosol particles circulating on air currents or attached to dust particles

  Airborne
• the most inhales material from reservoir

  Droplet
• Ingestion of a contaminated substance

  Vehicle
• from an animal or insect bite

  Vector
• can be the same as the portal of exit, which includes the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and eyes, breaks in the skin, and open wounds

  Portal of entry
• can be another patient during invasive procedures, visitors, and healthcare personnel when exposed to infectious specimens or needlestick injuries

  Susceptible host
• OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens standard requires written

  Exposure Control Plan
• What category of exposure: daily exposure to blood and body fluids?

  Category I
• What category of exposure: regular exposure to blood and body fluids

  Category II
• What category of exposure: no exposure to blood and body fluids

  Category III
• What category of Employers must offer HBV vaccine to all personnel?

  Category I and II
• True or False: 10% bleach using appropriate contact time

  True
• When skin contact occurs, the best first aid is to flush the area with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes and then seek medical attention.


  Chemical spills and Exposure
• Chemicals should never be mixed together unless specific instructions are followed, and they must be added in the order specified.

  Chemical Handling
• OSHA also requires all facilities that use hazardous chemicals to have a written chemical hygiene plan (CHP) available to employees.

  Chemical Hygiene Plan
• classified according to flash point → the temperature at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air

  Flammable/ Combustible Chemicals
• injurious to the skin or eyes by direct contact or to the tissue of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract if inhaled or ingested

  Corrosive Chemicals
• spontaneously explode or ignite or that evolve heat or flammable or explosive gases

  Reactive Chemicals