Monday exams

• Ethics


  The study of morality (rightness or wrongness) of the human act
• Ethos


  Greek word meaning character
• Morality


  System of behavior regarding standards of good or bad behavior
• Human Acts


  • Actions which man performs knowingly, freely, and voluntarily
  • Result of conscious knowledge and are subjected to the control of will
• Acts of Man


  • Instinctive actions and are not within the control of the will
  • Includes biological and physiological movements in man such as metabolism, respiration, fear, anger, love, and jealousy
• Constituents of Human Acts

  • Knowledge - awareness of what the moral agent is doing
  • Voluntariness - comes from the Latin word voluntas meaning will of a human
  • Freedom - A quality by which one is able to choose one or more alternatives
• Modifiers of Human Acts

  • Ignorance
  • Passion
  • Fear
  • Violence
  • Habits
• End


  Refers to the purpose or goal of an act
• Kinds of End


  • Proximate End
  • Remote End
  • Intermediate End
  • Ultimate End
• Determinants of Morality


  • The Object of the Action
  • The Motive of the Act
  • Circumstance of the Act
• Intrinsic Evil


  Actions or behaviors that are Inherently and objectively immoral, regardless of the circumstances or intentions surrounding them
• Extrinsic Evil


  Actions that may be morally acceptable or unacceptable depending on the circumstances
• Moral Standards


  Pertains to rules and actions we believe to be morally acceptable and morally unacceptable
• Non-Moral Standards


  Refers to the standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way
• Moral Dilemma


  A situation in which a person is torn between right and wrong and looks at the very core of a person's moral principles, values, and personal philosophy
• Levels of Moral Dilemma

  • Personal Dilemma
  • Organizational Dilemma
  • Structural Dilemma
• Types of Moral Dilemma


  • Epistemic Dilemma
  • Ontological Dilemma
  • Self-Imposed Dilemma
  • World Imposed Dilemma
  • Obligation Dilemma
  • Prohibition Dilemma
  • Single Agent Dilemma
  • Multi-Person Dilemma
• Critical Decision Making


  1. Gather facts

  2. Identify the stakeholders

  3. Articulate the dilemma

  4. List the alternatives

  5. Compare alternatives with the principles

  6. Weigh the consequences

  7. Decide
• Culture


  A product of psychological, social, biological, and material factors
• Values


  Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture that set the standard of what is desirable or undesirable
• Custom


  A regular, patterned way of behaving that is considered characteristic of life in a social system
• Beliefs


  Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true
• Tradition


  A belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past
• Enculturation


  The process of learning one's culture through observation and interaction with others
• Acculturation


  The process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining their own distinct culture
• Assimilation


  The complete adoption of the dominant culture as well as the rejection of the previous culture
• ENCULTURATION


  The process of learning one's own culture through observation and interaction with others, starting from the earliest stages of life
• Enculturation enables individuals to familiarize with their own cultures and to conform to its expectations
• Enculturation is an essential requirement for surviving and becoming an accepted member of one's own community or society
• ACCULTURATION


  A process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining their own distinct culture
• ASSIMILATION


  A more extreme form of cultural change and involves the complete adoption of the dominant culture as well as the rejection of the previous culture
• ART


  An expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, primarily appreciated for beauty and emotional power
• HUMANITIES


  Records of man's experiences, his values, sentiments, his ideals, and his goals; expression of man's feelings and thoughts
• Cave Painting - The Galloping Wild Boar


  • Altamira, Spain 1897
• Art is universal - in every country and generation "art is not good because it is old, but old is good because it's good"
• Art is not nature - art is man's expression of his reception of nature
• Art involves experience - you have to sense it, see it, or hear it
• Purposes of Art


  • Ceremonial
  • Narrative
  • Artistic Expression
  • Functional
  • Persuasive
• Art is a natural behavior, just like language is a natural behaviour of expressing oneself
• Art is a universal form of communication that everyone can understand